production and profits.In 1911,he published a book on "scientific management"that became powerfully influential in the business world.Now management could control every detail of the worker's energy and time in the factory.As Harry Braverman said (Labor and Monopoly Capital),the purpose of Taylorism was to make workers interchangeable,able to do the simple tasks that the new division of labor required-like standard parts divested of individuality and humanity,bought and sold as commodities It was a system well fitted for the new auto industry.In 1909,Ford sold 10,607 autos;in 1913,168,000;in 1914,248,000(45 percent of all autos produced).The profit: $30 million. With immigrants a larger proportion of the labor force(in the Carnegie plants of Allegheny County in 1907,of the 14,359 common laborers,11,694 were Eastern Europeans),Taylorism,with its simplified unskilled jobs,became more feasible In New York City,the new immigrants went to work in the sweatshops.The poet Edwin Markham wrote in Cosmopolitan magazine,January 1907: In unaired rooms,mothers and fathers sew by day and by night.Those in the home sweatshop must work cheaper than those in the factory sweatshops....And the children are called in from play to drive and drudge beside their elders.. All the year in New York and in other cities you may wateh children radiating to and from such pitiful homes.Nearly any hour on the East Side of New York City you can see them-pallid boy or spindling girl-their faces dulled,their backs bent under a heavy load of garments piled on head and shoulders,the muscles of the whole frame in a long strain.... n Is it not a cruel civilization that allows little bearts and little shoulders to strain under these grown-up responsibilities,while in the same city,a pet cur is jeweled and pampered and aired on a fine lady's velvet lap on the beautiful boulevards? The city became a battlefield.On August 10,1905,the New York Tribune reported that a strike at Federman's bakery on the ower East Side led to violence when Federman used scab labor to continue producingy Strikers or their sympathizers wrecked the bake shop of Philip Federman at No.183 Orchard Street early last night amid scenes of the most tumultuous excitement. Policemen smashed heads rght and left with their nightsticks after two of their number had been roughly dealt with by the mob.... There were five hundred garment factories in New York.A woman later recalled the conditions of work: ..dangerously broken stairways...windows few and so dirty....The wooden floors that were swept once a year....Hardly any other light but the gas jets burning by day and by night...the filthy,malodorous lavatory in the dark hall.No fresh drinking water....mice and roaches.... During the winter months...how we suffered from the cold.In the summer we suffered from the heat.... In these disease-breeding holes we,the youngsters together with the men and women toiled from seventy and eighty hours a week!Saturdays and Sundays included!...A sign would go up on Saturday afternoon:"If you don't come in on Sunday,you need not come in on Monday."...Children's dreams of a day off shattered.We wept,for after all,we were only children....production and profits. In 1911, he published a book on "scientific management" that became powerfully influential in the business world. Now management could control every detail of the worker's energy and time in the factory. As Harry Braverman said (Labor and Monopoly Capital), the purpose of Taylorism was to make workers interchangeable, able to do the simple tasks that the new division of labor required-like standard parts divested of individuality and humanity, bought and sold as commodities. It was a system well fitted for the new auto industry. In 1909, Ford sold 10,607 autos; in 1913, 168,000; in 1914, 248,000 (45 percent of all autos produced). The profit: $30 million. With immigrants a larger proportion of the labor force (in the Carnegie plants of Allegheny County in 1907, of the 14,359 common laborers, 11,694 were Eastern Europeans), Taylorism, with its simplified unskilled jobs, became more feasible. In New York City, the new immigrants went to work in the sweatshops. The poet Edwin Markham wrote in Cosmopolitan magazine, January 1907: In unaired rooms, mothers and fathers sew by day and by night. Those in the home sweatshop must work cheaper than those in the factory sweatshops. ... And the children are called in from play to drive and drudge beside their elders.. All the year in New York and in other cities you may watch children radiating to and from such pitiful homes. Nearly any hour on the East Side of New York City you can see them-pallid boy or spindling girl-their faces dulled, their backs bent under a heavy load of garments piled on head and shoulders, the muscles of the whole frame in a long strain... . Is it not a cruel civilization that allows little hearts and little shoulders to strain under these grown- up responsibilities, while in the same city, a pet cur is jeweled and pampered and aired on a fine lady's velvet lap on the beautiful boulevards? The city became a battlefield. On August 10, 1905, the New York Tribune reported that a strike at Federman's bakery on the Lower East Side led to violence when Federman used scab labor to continue producing: Strikers or their sympathizers wrecked the bake shop of Philip Federman at No. 183 Orchard Street early last night amid scenes of the most tumultuous excitement. Policemen smashed heads right and left with their nightsticks after two of their number had been roughly dealt with by the mob. .. . There were five hundred garment factories in New York. A woman later recalled the conditions of work: . .. dangerously broken stairways . .. windows few and so dirty.. .. The wooden floors that were swept once a year. . .. Hardly any other light but the gas jets burning by day and by night. . . the filthy, malodorous lavatory in the dark hall. No fresh drinking water.. . . mice and roaches. . . . During the winter months . . . how we suffered from the cold. In the summer we suffered from the heat. . .. In these disease-breeding holes we, the youngsters together with the men and women toiled from seventy and eighty hours a week! Saturdays and Sundays included!... A sign would go up on Saturday afternoon: "If you don't come in on Sunday, you need not come in on Monday." ... Children's dreams of a day off shattered. We wept, for after all, we were only children. ... no profit use only