Other policies the use of trade barbarian affairs"-trading equals to foreign relations a trade boycott for manipulating the barbarian- to use the lure of trade and profit and thus to appease them and avoid military conflict Treaty signed, treaty ports, underestimate Westerner powers To use the people to control the barbarians -"Heaven sees as the people see''-anti-Christianity, xenophobia The foreigners could be manoeuvred into opposing one another- using barbarians to control barbarians a Problem: a deep-rooted intellectual-institutional inertia conservative, and lost the two decades after the Opium WarOther Policies  the use of trade (“barbarian affairs” – trading equals to foreign relations)  A trade boycott for manipulating the barbarian – to use the lure of trade and profit and thus to appease them and avoid military conflict.  Treaty signed, treaty ports, underestimate Westerner powers  To use the people to control the barbarians – “Heaven sees as the people see” – anti-Christianity, xenophobia  The foreigners could be manoeuvred into opposing one another– using barbarians to control barbarians  Problem: a deep-rooted intellectual-institutional inertia, conservative, and lost the two decades after the Opium War