Tools available Cell-free systems for translation From bacteria, plants and animals ability to synthesize polyribonucleotides Polynucleotide phosphorylase can make RNAs from NDPs Physiological function: reverse reaction for RNa degradation nNDP (NMR)n nPiTools available • Cell-free systems for translation – From bacteria, plants and animals • Ability to synthesize polyribonucleotides – Polynucleotide phosphorylase can make RNAs from NDPs – Physiological function: reverse reaction for RNA degradation nNDP (NMP)n + nPi