324 D.Lin,D.Simmons Tourism Management 63(2017)315-328 demands of the residents have been recognized at different scales of government regulation The marriage of architects and owners was achieved through a series of events organized by the SCD,involving the "One-day Trip to JCW",the Bi-City Biennale of Urbanism/Architecture(UABB),and 5.3.2.Architect Advisory Panel a design competition. If the agenda of "planners into the community"provided more We use this year's UABB venue to invite designers and resi- opportunities for public participation in the JTDP.the activities of dential owners to meet and discuss.From our perspective,this the "Architects Advisory Panel"(AAP)further promoted the is,at least,a chance for owners to upgrade their understanding strength of public participation in the implementation stage of the of accommodation rebuilding ..During the process,architects JTDP.Despite being formulated as "Guidelines",the JTDP remains provide models to demonstrate their design initiatives...It is an ineffective at controlling the autonomous reconstruction of local effective way of persuading the indigenous residents. communities'. (Interview.SMGO no.2.2015) "We found it hard to control or to say regulate...all the prop- erties are collectively-owned yet occupied by private users.It is in fact private interest...which is hard to control". The design competition was an innovation that promoted the participation of both the architects and local residential owners. (Interview,SMGO no.4,2015) Subsidies of 10,000 RMB,the informal rules that created a con- struction area expanded by up to 10%,and the honor of winning Even though government is the power center with regard to the competition all stimulated participation (Interview,CS no.3. exerting regulation,it nevertheless faces difficulties in regulating 2015). the collective market for public land.It is in this context that the At design workshops,the SCD also brought together stake- Shenzhen Centre of Design(SCD)was brought in as a key stake- holders to discuss and develop possible solutions to specific. holder to collaborate with other networks and to mobilize various place-based challenges posed by residential regeneration. networks into a system that allows participation. Through the design workshops,options were investigated inter- The SCD is an affiliated institution of the UPLRC and plays a role actively through design,then debated and illustrated to reach as a GONGO.It aims to integrate resources from the governmental, preferred outcomes.Eventually,the renovations included work in industrial,and academic fields;to establish a database of design four categories:reconstruction of entire buildings reconstruction ideas and thoughts around urban developments in Shenzhen:and (especially for newly-built houses):garden revitalization and to offer services for designers such as communication channels, reuse (e.g.,roof gardens);redesign of inner space;and the uti- trainings,and promotion opportunities.Together with the UPLRC, lization of public space.The design proposal had to be reviewed the SCD jointly proposed a reconstruction plan for the residential and approved by the SCD,after which it could be implemented. buildings of the JTDP. The design services were free,but the renovation required funding from the operators. I received the task of regeneration of the B&B buildings from SCD creates connections between "top and down"dimensions UPLRC by the end of 2012.UPLRC wished to do something.We within the planning framework mainly through two channels.The chatted during our investigation of the JCW,confirming the first is through the official "joint meetings",which were held work plan.We found that in the ITDP,the design and con- every week and were intended to bring together JBBA,RCJ and struction of individual accommodations was left without in- DDPC to solve practical problems on-site.A second channel is depth consideration,even though this is the most intuitive through the SCD's informal social relations.Although it is not a part and is urgently needed by those house owners.It requires direct regulator,its identity as a subdivision of UPLRC provides the guidance,based on which we intervened. basis for convenient connections between SCD and public (Interview,SC no.2,2015) authorities. There is a macro background.Even though the SCD is an affiliate For public authorities,the degree of centrality of the SCD within of UPLRC,it has its own positioning:a communicative platform the social capital network could contribute to active engagement for the Shenzhen Design Industry.In this project,we are the with civil society. third party:the government has its desire to do things;the owners and operators of B&B have demands regarding "We have those social capitals,including:governmental sup- improving house quality:there is also a group of voluntary ports,commercial associations,as well as a joint-stock company. designers who would like to contribute.All of this gives us op- We could link them together to get involved in the process of the portunities to bring them together as a third party. upgrading and planning the JCW destination". (Interview,CS no.2,2015) (Interview,SC no.2,2015) Due to government empowerment,the SCD was able to effi- The SCD obtained power and legitimacy from the government ciently contact the government.As described by one of the in- due to its identity as a GONGO.Nevertheless,it was regarded by terviewees,in most cases,when the owners of B&Bs experienced many as a substitute for the government problems during the process of reconstruction,they informed the "To B&B operators,if they want to renovate their houses,they SCD through the president of the BBA.The SCD then deployed its can only do so through relevant government departments, social capital to deliver this information to the city government otherwise,any rebuilding work will be required to stop.In this (e.g.urban regeneration office).As a result,the bottom-up de- process,what we were doing is to help them to communicate mands of the residents were recognized at different levels of gov- with the government". ernment regulation. (Interview,SC no.2,2015)demands of the residents have been recognized at different scales of government regulation. 5.3.2. Architect Advisory Panel If the agenda of “planners into the community” provided more opportunities for public participation in the JTDP, the activities of the “Architects Advisory Panel” (AAP) further promoted the strength of public participation in the implementation stage of the JTDP. Despite being formulated as “Guidelines”, the JTDP remains ineffective at controlling the autonomous reconstruction of local communities'. “We found it hard to control or to say regulate … all the prop￾erties are collectively-owned yet occupied by private users. It is in fact private interest … which is hard to control”. (Interview, SMGO no. 4, 2015) Even though government is the power center with regard to exerting regulation, it nevertheless faces difficulties in regulating the collective market for public land. It is in this context that the Shenzhen Centre of Design (SCD) was brought in as a key stake￾holder to collaborate with other networks and to mobilize various networks into a system that allows participation. The SCD is an affiliated institution of the UPLRC and plays a role as a GONGO. It aims to integrate resources from the governmental, industrial, and academic fields; to establish a database of design ideas and thoughts around urban developments in Shenzhen; and to offer services for designers such as communication channels, trainings, and promotion opportunities. Together with the UPLRC, the SCD jointly proposed a reconstruction plan for the residential buildings of the JTDP. I received the task of regeneration of the B&B buildings from UPLRC by the end of 2012. UPLRC wished to do something. We chatted during our investigation of the JCW, confirming the work plan. We found that in the JTDP, the design and con￾struction of individual accommodations was left without in￾depth consideration, even though this is the most intuitive part and is urgently needed by those house owners. It requires guidance, based on which we intervened. (Interview, SC no. 2, 2015) For public authorities, the degree of centrality of the SCD within the social capital network could contribute to active engagement with civil society. “We have those social capitals, including: governmental sup￾ports, commercial associations, as well as a joint-stock company. We could link them together to get involved in the process of the upgrading and planning the JCW destination”. (Interview, SC no. 2, 2015) The SCD obtained power and legitimacy from the government due to its identity as a GONGO. Nevertheless, it was regarded by many as a substitute for the government. “To B&B operators, if they want to renovate their houses, they can only do so through relevant government departments, otherwise, any rebuilding work will be required to stop. In this process, what we were doing is to help them to communicate with the government”. (Interview, SC no. 2, 2015) The marriage of architects and owners was achieved through a series of events organized by the SCD, involving the “One-day Trip to JCW”, the Bi-City Biennale of Urbanism/Architecture (UABB), and a design competition. We use this year's UABB venue to invite designers and resi￾dential owners to meet and discuss. From our perspective, this is, at least, a chance for owners to upgrade their understanding of accommodation rebuilding … During the process, architects provide models to demonstrate their design initiatives … It is an effective way of persuading the indigenous residents. (Interview, SMGO no.2, 2015) The design competition was an innovation that promoted the participation of both the architects and local residential owners. Subsidies of 10,000 RMB, the informal rules that created a con￾struction area expanded by up to 10%, and the honor of winning the competition all stimulated participation (Interview, CS no. 3, 2015). At design workshops, the SCD also brought together stake￾holders to discuss and develop possible solutions to specific, place-based challenges posed by residential regeneration. Through the design workshops, options were investigated inter￾actively through design, then debated and illustrated to reach preferred outcomes. Eventually, the renovations included work in four categories: reconstruction of entire buildings reconstruction (especially for newly-built houses); garden revitalization and reuse (e.g., roof gardens); redesign of inner space; and the uti￾lization of public space. The design proposal had to be reviewed and approved by the SCD, after which it could be implemented. The design services were free, but the renovation required funding from the operators. SCD creates connections between “top and down” dimensions within the planning framework mainly through two channels. The first is through the official “joint meetings”, which were held every week and were intended to bring together JBBA, RCJ and DDPC to solve practical problems on-site. A second channel is through the SCD's informal social relations. Although it is not a direct regulator, its identity as a subdivision of UPLRC provides the basis for convenient connections between SCD and public authorities. There is a macro background. Even though the SCD is an affiliate of UPLRC, it has its own positioning: a communicative platform for the Shenzhen Design Industry. In this project, we are the third party: the government has its desire to do things; the owners and operators of B&B have demands regarding improving house quality; there is also a group of voluntary designers who would like to contribute. All of this gives us op￾portunities to bring them together as a third party. (Interview, CS no. 2, 2015) Due to government empowerment, the SCD was able to effi- ciently contact the government. As described by one of the in￾terviewees, in most cases, when the owners of B&Bs experienced problems during the process of reconstruction, they informed the SCD through the president of the JBBA. The SCD then deployed its social capital to deliver this information to the city government (e.g., urban regeneration office). As a result, the bottom-up de￾mands of the residents were recognized at different levels of gov￾ernment regulation. 324 D. Lin, D. Simmons / Tourism Management 63 (2017) 315e328