3 In automobile engines, all pistons are attached to a single crankshaft 'The more ers has, the more power sinkes Produced for each revolution. This Ine ans that an 8-cylinder engine runs mmore smoothly because the power stokes arm closer together in time: and in degree of engine rotation The cylinders of multi-cylinder automotive engines are arranged in one of three ways 1) Inline engines use a single block of cylinder. This is the simplest and most common arrange ment. with all cylinders arrang lly in line. Most 4-cylinder ad G-cylirxler this design. If an engine has more than eight cylinders, it becomes difficult to make a sufficiently rigid frame and crankshaft with an in-line arrangement. Also thte engine becomes quite long and takes up considerable space 2)v-type engines use two equal banks of cylinders, usually inclined 60 degrees or 90 each other. Most V-type engines have 6 or 8 cylinders, although V-4 and V-12 engines have built 3)Horizontally opposed or"pane ake engines have two qual banks of cylinders 180 degrees apart The se space saving engine designs are often air-cooled. This arrangement is used where there is Fach engine has a few main working parts and auxiliary parts, Such as the cylinder block: cylinder head; crankcase: the piston; the connecting rod; the crankshaft; the: fuei pump ele Many parts are also attached by fastening devices to the average bloxk. These items include the wa- ler pump, oil pan, timing gear, the flywheel or clutch housing, the igmition distributor, oil and fuel pump, and the cylinder head. The water pump is a component of the cooling systerm. The crankshaft usu ally rotates this unit by means solving, the: water circulates coolant between the engine water jackets and the radiator The cylinder block is cast in one piece. Usually, this is the largest and the most complicated single piece of metal in the automobile. it is made of gray iron(east iron)or alumunum and contains the cylin ders ard the: water jackets that surround them. Several engines have aluminum cylinder blocks. Alumi mum is a relatively light metal, weighing much less than cast iron. llowever, aluninun is too soft to use as cylinder-wall material. It wears too rapidly. Therefore, aluminum cylinder blocks rmust have cast-iron cylinder liners or be cast frun an aluminum alloy that has silic on particies in it. The cylinder head closes one end of the cylinder and often contains the valves through which air and fuel are admitted and the ex haust The oil pan and the lower portion of the block together are known as the crankcase; they enclose or encase the crankshaft The oil pan itself is also a reservoir, which usually holds 4 to 9 quarts of lubrical- pump of the Iu i from the pumps it to all the moving parts of the engine. After the oil lubricates these parts, it drains off and run back down into the pan. Conisequtrtly, there is a constant circulation of oil between the pan and the ving parts of the The timing gear or chain cover, as its name implies, encloses and pmlects the timing gears or timing chain and sprockets from foreign materials. The cover has a machined area that accomodates the timing