E. Stoll et al. Journal of the European Ceramic Society 26(2006)1567-1576 57: of the method based on single layer EPD and lamination is 5. Peters. P. W. M. Daniels. B. Clements. F and Vogel. W. D. Me that it offers the possibility to produce thick ceramic com- chanical characterisation of mullite based ceramic matrix composites posite plates, without any lin other than the number at test temperatures up to 1200C. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 2000, 20 531-535 of extra lamination steps required. Indeed, the lamination of H. Chawla, K. K, Xu, Z. multilayer"green"bodies fabricated by simultaneous EPD Ha, J.S. Thermal degradation of fibre coatings in mullin of several fibre mats, effectively combining both method reinforced mullite composites. J. Am. Cera. Soc., 1997, 80 would lead to even larger and thicker CMC compone 7. Holmquist. M. G. and Lange, F. F, Processing and properti us oxide matrix composite reinforced with continuou Am. Ceram.Soc,2003,86,1733-1740. 5. Conclusions K. A. et aL, Fugitive interfacial carbon coatings for oxide/oxide composites. J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 2000. 83, 329- Two processes for the manufacture of alumina matrix com- 336. posites with multilayer Nextel M 720 fibre reinforcement dense glass and ceramic matrix composites In Comprehensive Com based on EPD were developed and evaluated. Stable suspen- posite Materials, ed. A. Kelly and C. Zweben. Elsevier, 2000, Pp sions of Al]O3 particles(25 wt % )in ethanol were used, with 545-66 controlled addition of 4-hydroxicbenzoic acid as the charg 10. Lewis. M. H, Tye, A, Butler, E. and Al-Dawery, I, Development ing additive. Measurements of the ESA signal of suspen- of interfaces in oxide matrix composites. Key Eng. Mater, 1999. 164-165,351-356 sions have confirmed the importance of obtaining the same 11. Cinibulk, M K, Keller, K. A and Mah, T L, Effect of yttrium alu n of electric charge on both the fibres and particles. The minum garnet additions on alumina-fiber-reinforced porous-alumina first processing method, based on infiltration of single fibre matrix composites. J. An. Ceram. Soc., 2004. 87, 88 mats and subsequent lamination, leads to composites of rel- 12. Lee, P. and Yano, T. The influence of fiber coating conditions on atively high density, however, some microstructural damage the mechanical properties of alumina/alumina composites. Compos. Interfaces, 2004. 11, 1-13. in form of matrix microcracks developed during sintering 13. Lange, F. F, Tu. W. C. and Evans, A. G, Processing of damage. The second method involved the simultaneous infiltration of lerant, oxidation-resistant ceramic matrix composites by a precursor several fibre mats(up to 4)in a single EPD experiment. These infiltration and pyrolisis method. Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 1995, A195 composites exhibit a very homogeneous"green"microstruc- ture, characterised by a very high particle packing density. By 14. Chawla, K. K and Chawla. N, Processing of Ceramic Matrix Com combination of the multilayer EPD infiltration and lamina- osites. ASM Handbook. Vol 21. ASM Intemational. Materials Park OH,2001,pp.589599 tion processes, relatively thick components(10 mm thick- 15. Boccaccini, A R Kaya, C and Chawla, K.K. Use of electrophoretic ess)could be fabricated. The focus of current work is the deposition in the processing of fibre reinforced ceramic and glass optimisation of the densification heat treatment and the mea- matrix composites: a review Composites A, 2001, 32, 997-1006. surement of the mechanical properties of the composites 16. Boccaccini, A.R. and Kaya, C, The use of electrophoretic deposition for the fabrication of ceramic and glass matrix composites. Ceram. Tras.2004.153.57-66 17. Sarkar, P. and Nicholson, P. S, Electrophoretic deposition(EPD): Acknowledgements mechanisms, kinetics, and applicatio to ceramics. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 1996.79,1987-2002 18. Illston, T.., Doleman, P.A., Butler, E.G., Marquis, P.M., Ponton, C.B., We acknowledge financial of“ Deusche Gilbert, M.. et al. UK Patent no. 9124816.1, November 1991 Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) no.KE395/4-3 19. Kaya, C, Kaya, F, Boccaccini, A.R. and Chawla, K. K, Fabrica ES wishes to acknowledge the"Katholischer Akademischer tion and characterisation of Ni-coated carbon fibre-reinforced alu Auslaenderdienst-KAAD, Bonn, Germany, and the Pon- mina ceramic matrix composites using electrophoretic deposition. tific Catholic University of Peru(Lima, Peru) for financial Acta Mater,2001,49,1189-1197 20. Moritz, K. and Mueller, E, Electrophoretic infiltration of woven car bon fibre mats with SiC powder suspensions. Key Eng. Mater., 2002 206-213,193-19 ung, M. Lehmann. J and Ziegler, G Ic matrx References composites. In Electrophoretic Deposition: Fr Is and Ap plications, ed. A. R. Boccaccini, O. van der J 1. Chawla, K. K, Ceramic Matrix Composites(2nd ed. ) Kluwer Aca bot. The Electrochemical Society, Pennington, US, 2002, Pp. 255- demic Press, Norwell (MA), Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 200 2. Marshall, D B. and Davis, J. B, Ceramics for future power generation 22 Manocha, L M, Panchal, C. and Manocha, S, Silica/silica co technology: fiber reinforced oxide composites. Curr. Opin. Solid State ites through electrophoretic infiltration. Effect of processing Mater Sci,2001,5,283-289. tions on densification of composites. Sci. Eng. Comp. Mater 3. Holmquist, M., Lundber, R, Sudre, O, Razzell, A G, Molliex, L, 9,219-230 Benoit, J. et aL, Alumina/alumina composite with a porous zirco- 23. Kooner, S W. S. Watson. C. M.A. and M J. Eur 720/mullite composition. compo Ceram.Soc,2000,20.599-606. trophoretic J. Eur Ceram. Soc. 2000. 20 4. Chawla, K. K, Coffin, C. and Xu, Z.R. Interface engineering in ox 24. Kaya, C, Kaya, F. and Boccaccini, A. R, Elect ide fibre/oxide matrix composites. Int. Mater. Rev., 2000, 45, 165-189 position infiltration of 2-D metal fibre-reinforced cordierite ma.E. Stoll et al. / Journal of the European Ceramic Society 26 (2006) 1567–1576 1575 of the method based on single layer EPD and lamination is that it offers the possibility to produce thick ceramic com￾posite plates, without any limitation other than the number of extra lamination steps required. Indeed, the lamination of multilayer “green” bodies fabricated by simultaneous EPD of several fibre mats, effectively combining both methods, would lead to even larger and thicker CMC components. 5. Conclusions Two processes for the manufacture of alumina matrix com￾posites with multilayer NextelTM 720 fibre reinforcement based on EPD were developed and evaluated. Stable suspen￾sions of Al2O3 particles (25 wt.%) in ethanol were used, with controlled addition of 4-hydroxicbenzoic acid as the charg￾ing additive. Measurements of the ESA signal of suspen￾sions have confirmed the importance of obtaining the same sign of electric charge on both the fibres and particles. The first processing method, based on infiltration of single fibre mats and subsequent lamination, leads to composites of rel￾atively high density, however, some microstructural damage in form of matrix microcracks developed during sintering. The second method involved the simultaneous infiltration of several fibre mats (up to 4) in a single EPD experiment. These composites exhibit a very homogeneous “green” microstruc￾ture, characterised by a very high particle packing density. By combination of the multilayer EPD infiltration and lamina￾tion processes, relatively thick components (>10 mm thick￾ness) could be fabricated. The focus of current work is the optimisation of the densification heat treatment and the mea￾surement of the mechanical properties of the composites. Acknowledgements We acknowledge financial support of “Deusche Forschungsgemeinsachaft (DFG)” (Project no. KE395/4-3). ES wishes to acknowledge the “Katholischer Akademischer Auslaenderdienst—KAAD”, Bonn, Germany, and the Pon￾tific Catholic University of Peru (Lima, Peru) for financial support. References 1. Chawla, K. K., Ceramic Matrix Composites (2nd ed.). Kluwer Aca￾demic Press, Norwell (MA), Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2003. 2. Marshall, D. B. and Davis, J. B., Ceramics for future power generation technology: fiber reinforced oxide composites. Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci., 2001, 5, 283–289. 3. Holmquist, M., Lundber, R., Sudre, O., Razzell, A. G., Molliex, L., Benoit, J. et al., Alumina/alumina composite with a porous zirco￾nia interphase, processing, properties and component testing. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 2000, 20, 599–606. 4. Chawla, K. K., Coffin, C. and Xu, Z. R., Interface engineering in ox￾ide fibre/oxide matrix composites. Int. Mater. Rev., 2000, 45, 165–189. 5. Peters, P. W. M., Daniels, B., Clements, F. and Vogel, W. D., Me￾chanical characterisation of mullite based ceramic matrix composites at test temperatures up to 1200 ◦C. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 2000, 20, 531–535. 6. Schmuecker, M., Schneider, H., Chawla, K. K., Xu, Z. R. and Ha, J.-S., Thermal degradation of fibre coatings in mullite-fibre￾reinforced mullite composites. J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 1997, 80, 2136– 2140. 7. Holmquist, M. G. and Lange, F. F., Processing and properties of a porous oxide matrix composite reinforced with continuous oxide fibers. J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 2003, 86, 1733–1740. 8. Keller, K. A. et al., Fugitive interfacial carbon coatings for oxide/oxide composites. J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 2000, 83, 329– 336. 9. Bhatti, A. R. and Farries, P. M., Preparation of long-fiber-reinforced dense glass and ceramic matrix composites. In Comprehensive Com￾posite Materials, ed. A. Kelly and C. Zweben. Elsevier, 2000, pp. 645–667. 10. Lewis, M. H., Tye, A., Butler, E. and Al-Dawery, I., Development of interfaces in oxide matrix composites. Key Eng. Mater., 1999, 164–165, 351–356. 11. Cinibulk, M. K., Keller, K. A. and Mah, T. I., Effect of yttrium alu￾minum garnet additions on alumina-fiber-reinforced porous-alumina￾matrix composites. J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 2004, 87, 881–887. 12. Lee, P. and Yano, T., The influence of fiber coating conditions on the mechanical properties of alumina/alumina composites. Compos. Interfaces, 2004, 11, 1–13. 13. Lange, F. F., Tu, W. C. and Evans, A. G., Processing of damage￾tolerant, oxidation-resistant ceramic matrix composites by a precursor infiltration and pyrolisis method. Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 1995, A195, 145–150. 14. Chawla, K. K. and Chawla, N., Processing of Ceramic Matrix Com￾posites, ASM Handbook, Vol 21. ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 2001, pp. 589–599. 15. Boccaccini, A. R., Kaya, C. and Chawla, K. K., Use of electrophoretic deposition in the processing of fibre reinforced ceramic and glass matrix composites: a review. Composites A, 2001, 32, 997–1006. 16. Boccaccini, A. R. and Kaya, C., The use of electrophoretic deposition for the fabrication of ceramic and glass matrix composites. Ceram. Trans., 2004, 153, 57–66. 17. Sarkar, P. and Nicholson, P. S., Electrophoretic deposition (EPD): mechanisms, kinetics, and applicatio to ceramics. J. Am. Ceram. Soc, 1996, 79, 1987–2002. 18. Illston, T.J., Doleman, P.A., Butler, E.G., Marquis, P.M., Ponton, C.B., Gilbert, M.J. et al., UK Patent no. 9124816.1, November 1991. 19. Kaya, C., Kaya, F., Boccaccini, A. R. and Chawla, K. K., Fabrica￾tion and characterisation of Ni-coated carbon fibre-reinforced alu￾mina ceramic matrix composites using electrophoretic deposition. Acta Mater., 2001, 49, 1189–1197. 20. Moritz, K. and Mueller, E., Electrophoretic infiltration of woven car￾bon fibre mats with SiC powder suspensions. Key Eng. Mater., 2002, 206–213, 193–196. 21. Ordung, M., Lehmann, J. and Ziegler, G., Electrophoretic deposition of silicon powder for production of fibre-reinforced ceramic matrix composites. In Electrophoretic Deposition: Fundamentals and Ap￾plications, ed. A. R. Boccaccini, O. van der Biest and J. B. Tal￾bot. The Electrochemical Society, Pennington, US, 2002, pp. 255– 263. 22. Manocha, L. M., Panchal, C. and Manocha, S., Silica/silica compos￾ites through electrophoretic infiltration. Effect of processing condi￾tions on densification of composites. Sci. Eng. Comp. Mater., 2000, 9, 219–230. 23. Kooner, S., Westby, W. S., Watson, C. M. A. and Farries, P. M., Processing of Nextel 720/mullite composition. composite using elec￾trophoretic deposition. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 2000, 20, 631–638. 24. Kaya, C., Kaya, F. and Boccaccini, A. R., Electrophoretic de￾position infiltration of 2-D metal fibre-reinforced cordierite ma-