List of figures Figure 2.1 General structure of a few organic acids. 2 Figure 2.2 Structure of acetic acid. Figure 2.3 Structure of L-ascorbic acid. Figure 2.4 Structure of benzoic acid. Figure 2.5 Structure of cinnamic acid. Figure 2.6 Structure of citric acid. 2 Figure 2.7 Structure of formic acid. Figure 2.8 Structure of fumaric acid. Figure 2.9 Structure of D-gluconic acid. 32 Figure 2.10 Structure of D-lactic acid. 名 Figure 2.11 Structure of malic acid. Figure 2.12 Structure of propionic acid. Figure 2.13 Structure of sorbic acid. Figure 2.14 Structure of succinic acid. Figure 2.15 Structure of tartaric acid. 40 Figure 2.16 Structure of phenyllactic acid. 40 Figure 2.17 Structure of gallic acid. 41 Figure 4.1 Homolactic fermentation. 103 Figure 4.2 Heterolactic fermentation. 104 Figure 5.1 A schematic illustration of the transport system and consequent proposed action of organic acids on microbial cells. 标 xixiii List of figures Figure 2.1 General structure of a few organic acids. 22 Figure 2.2 Structure of acetic acid. 25 Figure 2.3 Structure of l-ascorbic acid. 26 Figure 2.4 Structure of benzoic acid. 27 Figure 2.5 Structure of cinnamic acid. 28 Figure 2.6 Structure of citric acid. 29 Figure 2.7 Structure of formic acid. 31 Figure 2.8 Structure of fumaric acid. 32 Figure 2.9 Structure of d-gluconic acid. 32 Figure 2.10 Structure of d-lactic acid. 33 Figure 2.11 Structure of malic acid. 35 Figure 2.12 Structure of propionic acid. 36 Figure 2.13 Structure of sorbic acid. 37 Figure 2.14 Structure of succinic acid. 39 Figure 2.15 Structure of tartaric acid. 40 Figure 2.16 Structure of phenyllactic acid. 40 Figure 2.17 Structure of gallic acid. 41 Figure 4.1 Homolactic fermentation. 103 Figure 4.2 Heterolactic fermentation. 104 Figure 5.1 A schematic illustration of the transport system and consequent proposed action of organic acids on microbial cells. 118