Improving User Profiles for E-Commerce by Genetic algorithms generates other chromosomes as the initial population. Subsequently, Ga it eratively discover better user pro les until it achieves the terminal condition such as the j tness value of one chromosome being l or the generation number being 200. In the end, the learning mechanism decodes the best chromosome to a con dence list and a fuzzy cut value for replacing the current data fi Per: or4 cnce n vcluc tion In this section, we jrst describe our experimental setup and benchmarking ethod in Section 5.1. Subsequently the details of our experimental results re discussed in Section 5. 2 5.1 Experiu eyal methodology We developed a GA for Yoda using SUGAL 20 for its wide range of operators and data ty pes. Yoda is implemented in C and on top of Microsoft Access 2000, which is running on a Pentium II 2nnMHZ processor with Microsoft NT4.0. Phrhu eaer Defiv iaioy n The cut-off point Fumber of items in a user wish-list Number of fuzzy terms E 0 Number of known experts E>O) F Number of navigation-pattern clusters 1O> K Percentage of interesting items within the item set Number of u ble 1. ench In order to populate data for evaluation purposes, we propose a parametric algorithm to simulate various benchmarks Fee Table 5. 1). The benchmarking the perfect knowledge about items of interest to the active users. ThIou ethod maintains a list of preference values Denoted as Ao) that contail performed as follows. i irst, the algorithm randomly generates E experts and oulates the preference information to Eo. The celle,j)∈ Eo represents the preference values for item j by expert, Note that among these experts, there are K navigation-pattern clusters Each cluster comprises browse-list. a list of favorite p d a pat tern of navigation as the cluster centroid❙❯❢❣❧❛❩❇❥✣s✦❵❚♥❨✡r✐❞q❳P❩ ☎❩❇❥✍➦❉③ ❳✽❞✟✉④❥✍❩✸❽❁❸❡❤✕❥❦❢❣❢❣❳P❩❇♦✽❳✸➝❲❝✮➺✐❳✽❚♥❳P❱❇❵ ♦✖⑦❍③❨❦❥✍❩❇❵❱❇✇♥❢❣❞ ￾ ￾ ■✍❋▲➮✣➱⑧❑⑧■❦◗✮❒P❈❊■å➮✣➱❛◆P◆P■❦◗❭ß➩➱❛❋▲❑⑧❃❋❊Ð ➮✣➱❛❋❆￾➩❑⑧■✍❋▲➮✣■✝Ï ❃④◗❇❒①❒P➱ ❏ ➮✽❈❊◆P➱❛✃✵➱♥◗❭➱❛✃✵■☞❏✦❋▲❑ö◆✽❏✦❋▲❑⑧➱❛✃✵Ï▼ Ð❛■✍❋❊■✍◆✽❏❲❒P■❦◗❍➱✦❒P❈❊■✍◆✱➮✽❈❊◆P➱❛✃✵➱♥◗❭➱❛✃✵■❦◗❍❏❛◗❍❒P❈❊■➽❃❋❊❃❒P❃④❏✦Ï❁ß➩➱❛ß❊❖❊Ï④❏❲❒P❃➱❛❋✂ä❊❆❉❖❊❘▲◗❭■❦Ñ♥❖❊■✍❋♥❒PÏ▼❛❐❛✮Þ ❃❒❭❅ ■✍◆✽❏❲❒P❃Ò❛■✍Ï▼①❑⑧❃④◗P➮✣➱❲Ò❛■✍◆❍❘➩■✣❒❭❒P■✍◆✱❖▲◗❭■✍◆✐ß❊◆P➱✥￾▲Ï■❦◗✐❖❊❋♥❒P❃ Ï➤❃❒✖❏❛➮✽❈❊❃■✍Ò❛■❦◗✼❒P❈❊■✡❒P■✍◆P✃✵❃❋▲❏✦Ï❁➮✣➱❛❋▲❑⑧❃❒P❃➱❛❋ ◗❭❖▲➮✽❈✮❏❛◗✕❒P❈❊■❄￾❊❒P❋❊■❦◗P◗✕Ò❲❏✦Ï❖❊■✸➱✦❮➩➱❛❋❊■✸➮✽❈❊◆P➱❛✃✵➱♥◗❭➱❛✃✵■❍❘➩■✍❃❋❊Ð❂✱✐➱❛◆✕❒P❈❊■✸Ð❛■✍❋❊■✍◆✽❏❲❒P❃➱❛❋✛❋❉❖❊✃✧❘➩■✍◆ ❘➩■✍❃❋❊Ð❲✷✥❭❉❭❊ä❛èq❋①❒P❈❊■❄■✍❋▲❑❁❐♥❒P❈❊■✡Ï■❦❏✦◆P❋❊❃❋❊Ð✧✃✵■❦➮✽❈▲❏✦❋❊❃④◗❭✃✭❑⑧■❦➮✣➱⑧❑⑧■❦◗✼❒P❈❊■❄❘➩■❦◗❇❒✱➮✽❈❊◆P➱❛✃✵➱♥◗❭➱❛✃✵■ ❒P➱➢❏✵➮✣➱❛❋❆￾➩❑⑧■✍❋▲➮✣■➽Ï ❃④◗❇❒✡❏✦❋▲❑☞❏✧❮➊❖❊❰✍❰✍▼☞➮✣❖⑧❒✖Ò❲❏✦Ï❖❊■➽❮➊➱❛◆✱◆P■✍ß❊Ï④❏❛➮✣❃❋❊Ð✧❒P❈❊■✛➮✣❖❊◆P◆P■✍❋♥❒✖❑❊❏❲❒✽❏❊ä ￾ ✁☎✂Ø✄✂✽Ù✼Ø✍✆☎✟Ö✡Ü☎✞✝☎✟☎✠❭Û✠☎✕×❊Ý❇Ù❍Ö èq❋✢❒P❈❊❃④◗✛◗❭■❦➮❫❒P❃➱❛❋✂❐❁ç✐■✻￾▲◆✽◗❇❒✛❑⑧■❦◗P➮✣◆P❃❘➩■✮➱❛❖❊◆❣■✣é⑧ß➩■✍◆P❃✃✵■✍❋♥❒✽❏✦Ï✟◗❭■✣❒P❖❊ßà❏✦❋▲❑✢❘➩■✍❋▲➮✽❈❊✃①❏✦◆PÓ❉❃❋❊Ð ✃✵■✣❒P❈❊➱⑧❑✿❃❋✢❆❉■❦➮❫❒P❃➱❛❋ ✁ ä ✱❛ä➩❆❉❖❊❘▲◗❭■❦Ñ♥❖❊■✍❋♥❒PÏ▼❛❐❊❒P❈❊■✮❑⑧■✣❒✽❏✦❃ Ï④◗✖➱✦❮✟➱❛❖❊◆✖■✣é⑧ß➩■✍◆P❃✃✵■✍❋♥❒✽❏✦Ï✂◆P■❦◗❭❖❊Ï❒✽◗ ❏✦◆P■❣❑⑧❃④◗P➮✣❖▲◗P◗❭■❦❑➧❃❋å❆❉■❦➮❫❒P❃➱❛❋ ✁ ä ✷⑧ä ✖ ✎✒✑☛✡✌☞▲❍➚♥➘✞❍✪❖➚✙▼✴❏✶❈❋❊✎✍➚❏ ✕➹✂➴✕➹✆❊❾➹✜▲➪ ûá■✐❑⑧■✍Ò❛■✍Ï➱❛ß➩■❦❑➽❏✢✮Þ ❮➊➱❛◆✂❂✼➱⑧❑❊❏✱❖▲◗❭❃❋❊Ð❄❆✝✧❩✮Þ✱ ✯ ✷✥❭✞✸✦❮➊➱❛◆✈❃❒✽◗✂ç✱❃④❑⑧■❍◆✽❏✦❋❊Ð❛■✟➱✦❮⑧➱❛ß➩■✍◆✽❏❲❒P➱❛◆✽◗ ❏✦❋▲❑ ❑❊❏❲❒✽❏➧❒❇▼❉ß➩■❦◗✍ä❁❂✼➱⑧❑❊❏✝❃④◗❣❃✃✵ß❊Ï■✍✃✵■✍❋♥❒P■❦❑ ❃❋➯● ❏✦❋▲❑á➱❛❋✢❒P➱❛ß ➱✦❮◗✿✿❃④➮✣◆P➱♥◗❭➱✦❮➀❒ Þ➮✍➮✣■❦◗P◗ ✷✥❭❉❭❉❭❊❐❁ç✱❈❊❃④➮✽❈ ❃④◗✛◆P❖❊❋❊❋❊❃❋❊Ðå➱❛❋ ❏ ￾②■✍❋♥❒P❃❖❊✃✻è❭è★✷✥❚❉❚❉✿✕✦✁✻ ß❊◆P➱⑧➮✣■❦◗P◗❭➱❛◆❣ç✱❃❒P❈ ✿✿❃④➮✣◆P➱♥◗❭➱✦❮➀❒ ✝✡æ✲▲ä ❭❊ä ✓❈⑧➘✞❈❋❖➚❏❦➚♥➘ ✏☞➚✒✑■▼❍❑❏✶❍❾➹✆▼ ✏ ✝✖❖❊✃✧❘➩■✍◆✖➱✦❮②❃❒P■✍✃①◗✱❃❋☞❒P❈❊■❣ç✐■✍❘⑧❅q◗❭❃❒P■ ✘ æ✸❈❊■✛➮✣❖⑧❒❭❅❡➱✦â✢ß➩➱❛❃❋♥❒★✜➊❋❉❖❊✃✧❘➩■✍◆✱➱✦❮②❃❒P■✍✃①◗✱❃❋✝❏✵❖▲◗❭■✍◆✱ç✱❃④◗❭❈⑧❅❡Ï ❃④◗❇❒✓✣ ✜ ✝✖❖❊✃✧❘➩■✍◆✖➱✦❮✕❮➊❖❊❰✍❰✍▼➢❒P■✍◆P✃①◗ ￾ ✝✖❖❊✃✧❘➩■✍◆✖➱✦❮②■✣é⑧ß➩■✍◆❭❒✽◗ ☛ ✝✖❖❊✃✧❘➩■✍◆✖➱✦❮②Ó❉❋❊➱❲ç✱❋☞■✣é⑧ß➩■✍◆❭❒✽◗✰✜￾✆✑ ☛✰✣ ✸ ✝✖❖❊✃✧❘➩■✍◆✖➱✦❮②❋▲❏tÒ❉❃Ð♥❏❲❒P❃➱❛❋⑧❅❡ß▲❏❲❒❭❒P■✍◆P❋➧➮✣Ï❖▲◗❇❒P■✍◆✽◗✰✜☛ ✑ ✸P✣ ✘ ￾②■✍◆✽➮✣■✍❋♥❒✽❏✦Ð❛■❄➱✦❮✕❃❋♥❒P■✍◆P■❦◗❇❒P❃❋❊Ð✵❃❒P■✍✃①◗✱ç✱❃❒P❈❊❃❋☞❒P❈❊■❣❃❒P■✍✃✥◗❭■✣❒ ✂ ✝✖❖❊✃✧❘➩■✍◆✖➱✦❮②❖▲◗❭■✍◆✽◗ ✒↔♥➓✔✓✕ ☎❉➙ ✌✕❳✽❚♥♦❭✇♥❢✛❬✣❩❇➞✦❵❚♥❨ ☎❬✣❩❭❬✍❢❣❳P❱❇❳P❩❇❞ èq❋➽➱❛◆✽❑⑧■✍◆➤❒P➱✱ß➩➱❛ß❊❖❊Ï④❏❲❒P■❍❑❊❏❲❒✽❏✐❮➊➱❛◆✂■✍Ò❲❏✦Ï❖▲❏❲❒P❃➱❛❋❄ß❊❖❊◆Pß➩➱♥◗❭■❦◗✍❐✣ç✐■✟ß❊◆P➱❛ß➩➱♥◗❭■✟❏✸ß▲❏✦◆✽❏✦✃✵■✣❒P◆P❃④➮ ❏✦ÏÐ❛➱❛◆P❃❒P❈❊✃ ❒P➱❣◗❭❃✃✧❖❊Ï④❏❲❒P■✐Ò❲❏✦◆P❃➱❛❖▲◗✈❘➩■✍❋▲➮✽❈❊✃①❏✦◆PÓ⑧◗ ✜❾◗❭■✍■✸æ✕❏✦❘❊Ï■ ✁ ä ✱✤✣❫ä❲æ✸❈❊■✸❘➩■✍❋▲➮✽❈❊✃①❏✦◆PÓ❉❃❋❊Ð ✃✵■✣❒P❈❊➱⑧❑á✃①❏✦❃❋♥❒✽❏✦❃❋▲◗➽❏☞Ï ❃④◗❇❒✛➱✦❮✐ß❊◆P■✣❮➊■✍◆P■✍❋▲➮✣■✮Ò❲❏✦Ï❖❊■❦◗❲✜❾❑⑧■✍❋❊➱✦❒P■❦❑ ❏❛◗✗✖✚✢✜✞✣✖❒P❈▲❏❲❒✧➮✣➱❛❋♥❒✽❏✦❃❋▲◗ ❒P❈❊■åß➩■✍◆❭❮➊■❦➮❫❒➢Ó❉❋❊➱❲ç✱Ï■❦❑⑧Ð❛■å❏✦❘➩➱❛❖⑧❒➢❃❒P■✍✃①◗①➱✦❮❣❃❋♥❒P■✍◆P■❦◗❇❒①❒P➱ ❒P❈❊■✢❏❛➮❫❒P❃Ò❛■✝❖▲◗❭■✍◆✽◗✍ä❍æ✸❈❊❃④◗①❃④◗ ß➩■✍◆❭❮➊➱❛◆P✃✵■❦❑①❏❛◗②❮➊➱❛Ï Ï➱❲ç✖◗✍ä ❃✕❃ ◆✽◗❇❒❦❐✦❒P❈❊■❄❏✦ÏÐ❛➱❛◆P❃❒P❈❊✃✙◆✽❏✦❋▲❑⑧➱❛✃✵Ï▼✧Ð❛■✍❋❊■✍◆✽❏❲❒P■❦◗ ￾ ■✣é⑧ß➩■✍◆❭❒✽◗❍❏✦❋▲❑ ß➩➱❛ß❊❖❊Ï④❏❲❒P■❦◗➤❒P❈❊■✼ß❊◆P■✣❮➊■✍◆P■✍❋▲➮✣■✟❃❋⑧❮➊➱❛◆P✃①❏❲❒P❃➱❛❋❄❒P➱✖❏✦❋❣■✣é⑧ß➩■✍◆❭❒✂✃①❏❲❒P◆P❃é ￾✌ ✜♥ä❦æ✸❈❊■✼➮✣■✍Ï Ï ✝✌ ✜ ✔✌✔✙✘✙✣ ✜ ￾✌ ✜✛◆P■✍ß❊◆P■❦◗❭■✍❋♥❒✽◗❍❒P❈❊■✛ß❊◆P■✣❮➊■✍◆P■✍❋▲➮✣■➽Ò❲❏✦Ï❖❊■❦◗✐❮➊➱❛◆✖❃❒P■✍✃✚✘①❘❉▼➧■✣é⑧ß➩■✍◆❭❒ ✔✽ä ✝✖➱✦❒P■➽❒P❈▲❏❲❒✡❏✦✃✵➱❛❋❊Ð ❒P❈❊■❦◗❭■❍■✣é⑧ß➩■✍◆❭❒✽◗✍❐✣❒P❈❊■✍◆P■✐❏✦◆P■ ✸ ❋▲❏tÒ❉❃Ð♥❏❲❒P❃➱❛❋⑧❅❡ß▲❏❲❒❭❒P■✍◆P❋❣➮✣Ï❖▲◗❇❒P■✍◆✽◗✍ä ✟❍❏❛➮✽❈✛➮✣Ï❖▲◗❇❒P■✍◆✕➮✣➱❛✃✵ß❊◆P❃④◗❭■❦◗ ❏➽❘❊◆P➱❲ç✖◗❭■✣❅❡Ï ❃④◗❇❒❦❐✦❏➽Ï ❃④◗❇❒✼➱✦❮➤❮❾❏tÒ❛➱❛◆P❃❒P■ ￾✑❳❄◗✍❐❛❏✦❋▲❑①❏➽ß▲❏❲❒❭❒P■✍◆P❋✵➱✦❮➤❋▲❏tÒ❉❃Ð♥❏❲❒P❃➱❛❋✵❏❛◗②❒P❈❊■✖➮✣Ï❖▲◗❇❒P■✍◆ ➮✣■✍❋♥❒P◆P➱❛❃④❑❁ä