art Failure Inotropes, digoxin Reduced cardiac output 阝- blockers, digoxin Renin Sympathetic nervous Elevated cardia c filling pressures s system activation t k Vasodilators I Angiotensin I Vasoconstriction ACE inhibitors Angiotensin‖l Sodium and water retention ARBs Diuretics Aldosterone Spironolactone Ho2 Cardiac Remodeling