市场效率一市场失灵 Market Efficiency-Market Failures 外部性 Externalities 国顾:亚当斯密认为,市场的“看不见的手引导着市场中 自和的买者和卖者,使社会获得了可以从市场获得的最大收 Recall that: Adam Smith's " invisible hand" of the 第10章 arketplace leads self-interested buyers and sellers in a market to maximize the total benefit that society can derive Cha pter 10 from a market 但是市场失灵依然会发生。 ket fail 市场失灵:外部性 外部性产生于 Market Failures: Externalities An externality arises ◆当市场结果影响到了除市场中买者和卖者以 外的其他方,产生的副作用就称为外部性。 When a market outcome affects parties 当某一个人从事的活动影响了旁 other than the buyers and sellers in the 观者的福利,而对这种影响既不支 market, side-effects created are called 付也没有获得任何赔偿。 externalities when a person engages in an hat influences the well-being of ◆外部性引起了市场的无效率,因此不能使得 bystander and yet neither pay 总剩余最大化 receives any compensation for that effect. Externalities cause markets to be inefficient and thus fail to maximize total surplus. 市场失灵:外部性 负外部性的例子 Market Failures: Externalities Examples of Negative Externalities ◆当对旁人的影响是不利的,外部性被 称作是负外部性。 ◆汽车尾气 Automobile exhaust When the impact on the bystander is ◆抽烟 Cigarette smoking adverse, the externality is called a ◆狗叫 Barking dogs negative externality. ◆公寓楼里面高音播放的立体声音响 °亲种企的影是有的,外部性数 Loud stereos in an apartment building When the impact on the bystander is beneficial. the externality is called a positive externality1 外部性 Externalities 第10章 Chapter 10 2 市场效率—市场失灵 Market Efficiency - Market Failures 回顾： 亚当·斯密认为，市场的“看不见的手”引导着市场中 自利的买者和卖者，使社会获得了可以从市场获得的最大收 益。 Recall that: Adam Smith’s “invisible hand” of the marketplace leads self-interested buyers and sellers in a market to maximize the total benefit that society can derive from a market. 但是市场失灵依然会发生。 But market failures can still happen. 3 市场失灵：外部性 Market Failures: Externalities ‹ 当市场结果影响到了除市场中买者和卖者以 外的其他方，产生的副作用就称为外部性。 When a market outcome affects parties other than the buyers and sellers in the market, side-effects created are called externalities. ‹ 外部性引起了市场的无效率，因此不能使得 总剩余最大化。 Externalities cause markets to be inefficient, and thus fail to maximize total surplus. 4 外部性产生于… An externality arises... . . .当某一个人从事的活动影响了旁 观者的福利，而对这种影响既不支 付也没有获得任何赔偿。 …when a person engages in an activity that influences the well-being of a bystander and yet neither pays nor receives any compensation for that effect. 5 市场失灵：外部性 Market Failures: Externalities ‹当对旁人的影响是不利的，外部性被 称作是负外部性。 When the impact on the bystander is adverse, the externality is called a negative externality. ‹当对旁人的影响是有益的，外部性被 称作是正外部性。 When the impact on the bystander is beneficial, the externality is called a positive externality. 6 ‹汽车尾气 Automobile exhaust ‹抽烟 Cigarette smoking ‹狗叫 Barking dogs ‹公寓楼里面高音播放的立体声音响 Loud stereos in an apartment building 负外部性的例子 Examples of Negative Externalities