Industrial production of amino acids by fermentation and chemo-enzymatic methods fermentation are examined. We first consider general aspects of the approach, followed by more detailed case studies. We have again selected L-phenylalanine for detailed consideration, since this important amino acid can be produced by direct fermentation and by a variety of chemo-enzymatic methods. This allows comparisons between the two different approaches to be made, including a consideration of economic aspects of large scale production of the amino acid Two appendices are included at the end of this chapter The first is intended to serve as a reminder, for those of you who might need it, of the nomenclature and representation of stereoisomers. The second appendix contains descriptions of various chemo-enzymatic methods of amino acid production. This appendix has been constructed largely from the recent primary literature and includes many new advances in the field. It is not necessary for you to consult the appendix to satisfy the learning objectives of the chapter, rather the information is provided to illustrate the extensive range of methodology associated with chemo-enzymatic approaches to amino acid production. It is therefore available for those of you who may wish to extend your knowledge in this area. Where available, data derived from the literature are used to illustrate methods and to discuss economic aspects of large-scale production amino acld chemical extraction fermentation enzymatIc synthesls LLL -histidine(HCI L-phenylalanine (+) L-threonine L-tyrosine L-valine (+) Table 8. 1 Production methods of proteinogenic amino acidsIndustrial production of amino acids by fermentation and chemo-enzymatic methods 233 fennentation are examined. We first consider general aspects of the approach, followed by more detailed case studies. We have again selected L-phenylalanine for detailed consideration, since this important amino acid can be produced by direct fermentation and by a variety of chemo-enzymatic methods. This allows comparisons between the two different approaches to be made, including a consideration of economic aspects of large scale production of the amino acid. Two appendices are included at the end of this chapter. The first is intended to serve as a reminder, for those of you who might need it, of the nomenclature and representation of stereoisomers. The second appendix contains descriptions of various chemo-enzymatic methods of amino acid production. This appendix has been constructed largely from the recent primary literature and includes many new advances in the field. It is not necessary for you to consult the appendix to satisfy the learning objectives of the chapter, rather the information is provided to illustrate the extensive range of methodology associated with chemo-enzymatic approaches to amino acid production. It is therefore available for those of you who may wish to extend your knowledge in this area. Where available, data derived from the literature are used to illustrate methods and to discuss economic aspects of large-scale production. + amino ackl chemical extradlon fermentation enzymatic synthesls CatalySlS L-alanine + + L-arginine + + L-aspartic acid + + L-cystine + L-glutamic acid (Na) (+I + L-histidine (.HCI) + + L-isoleucine + + L-leucine + L-lysine (.HCI) + + L-methionine + L-phenylalanine (+) (+) + L-proline + (+I L-serine + + L-threonine + + L-tryptophan + + L-tyrosine + L-valine + (+) + L-cysteine Table 8.1 Production methods of proteinogenic amino acids