R E V I S E D F O U R T H E D I T I O N Computer Organization and Design THE HARDWARE/SOFT WARE INTERFACE David A.Patterson University of California,Berkeley John L.Hennessy Stanford University With contributions by Perry Alexander David Kaeli Kevin Lim The University of Kansas Northeastern University Hewlett-Packard Peter J.Ashenden Nicole Kaiyan John Nickolls Ashenden Designs Pty Ltd University of Adelaide NVIDIA Javier Bruguera David Kirk John Oliver Universidade de Santiago de Compostela NVIDIA Cal Poly,San Luis Obispo Jichuan Chang James R.Larus Milos Prvulovic Hewlett-Packard Microsoft Research Georgia Tech Matthew Farrens Jacob Leverich Partha Ranganathan University of California,Davis Hewlett-Packard Hewlett-Packard AMSTERDAM·BOSTON·HEIDELBERG·LONDON NEW YORK·OXFORD·PARIS·SAN DIEGO M< SAN FRANCISCO·SINGAPORE·SYDNEY·TOKYO HORGAN KAUFHANN ELSEVIER Morgan Kaufmann is an imprint of ElsevierAMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Morgan Kaufmann is an imprint of Elsevier R E V I S E D F O U R T H E D I T I O N Computer Organization and Design T H E H A R D W A R E / S O F T W A R E I N T E R F A C E David A. Patterson University of California, Berkeley John L. Hennessy Stanford University With contributions by Perry Alexander David Kaeli Kevin Lim The University of Kansas Northeastern University Hewlett-Packard Peter J. Ashenden Nicole Kaiyan John Nickolls Ashenden Designs Pty Ltd University of Adelaide NVIDIA Javier Bruguera David Kirk John Oliver Universidade de Santiago de Compostela NVIDIA Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo Jichuan Chang James R. Larus Milos Prvulovic Hewlett-Packard Microsoft Research Georgia Tech Matthew Farrens Jacob Leverich Partha Ranganathan University of California, Davis Hewlett-Packard Hewlett-Packard