TABLE 43.4 of State-of-the-Art Performance for Millimeter Wave Frequency Multipl Minimum Output m Maximum Mount Operating Band Effic. Power Effic. Pump Power (GHz) (%)(mW)(%) GHz) Notes Doubler 80-120 14026.6188and105 80-120 1615.523.2 3 80-120 1,4,3 10 7888 1512.0 2,3,5 1 8.510.4 1,2,3,7 00-600 1,2,8 96-120 8 2,3 00-290 190-240 260-350 8 3.753.0 5500005 x6 balanced 310-350 0.75 1,2,3,6,9 al, Crossed waveguide mount g and bias optimized at each operating frequency; 3, microstrip low-pass filter; rsion of NRAO 110- to 170-GHz doubler; 6, quasi-optical mount; 7, limited pump power available; 8, coaxial low- ter;9, two-diode balanced cross guide mounts. 43.6 Control circuits Control components are widely used in communication, radar, EW, instrument, and other systems for con trolling the signal flow or to adjust the phase and amplitude of the signal [Bahl and Bhartia, 1988; Chang, 1990; sharma, 1989; Sokolov, 1991. pin diodes and MESFETs are extensively used in HMICs and MMICs, respe ely, for microwave control circuits, such as switches, phase shifters, attenuators, and limiters. pin diode ircuits have low loss and can handle higher power levels than do MESFEt components; conversely, the latter have great flexibility in the design of integrated subsystems, consume negligible power, and are low cost. Figure 43.10 shows various control configurations being developed using PIN and MESFET devices. Either device can be used in these circuits The most commonly used configuration for microwave switches is the single-pole double throw(SPDT)as shown in Fig. 43. 10(a), which requires a minimum of two switching devices( diodes or transistors). Table 43.5 provides typical performance for broadband SPDT switches developed using GaAs MESFET monolithic tech nology. Table 43.5 also summarizes performance for phase shifters and attenuators, which are described brief There are four main types of solid state digitally controlled phase shifters: switched line, reflection, loaded line, and low-pass/high-pass, as shown in Fig. 43.10(b). The switched-line and low-pass/high-pass configura- tions,which are most suitable for broadband applications and compact size, are not suitable for analog operation. Reflection and loaded-line phase shifters are inherently narrowband; however, the loaded -line small phase shifters, 22.5 degrees or less, can be designed to have up to an octave bandwidth. Phase shifte the vector-modulator concept have also been developed in monolithic form Voltage-controlled variable attenuators are important control elements and are widely used for automatic gain control circuits. They are indispensable for temperature compensation of gain variation in broadband e 2000 by CRC Press LLC© 2000 by CRC Press LLC 43.6 Control Circuits Control components are widely used in communication, radar, EW, instrument, and other systems for con￾trolling the signal flow or to adjust the phase and amplitude of the signal [Bahl and Bhartia, 1988; Chang, 1990; Sharma, 1989; Sokolov, 1991]. PIN diodes and MESFETs are extensively used in HMICs and MMICs, respec￾tively, for microwave control circuits, such as switches, phase shifters, attenuators, and limiters. PIN diode circuits have low loss and can handle higher power levels than do MESFET components; conversely, the latter have great flexibility in the design of integrated subsystems, consume negligible power, and are low cost. Figure 43.10 shows various control configurations being developed using PIN and MESFET devices. Either device can be used in these circuits. The most commonly used configuration for microwave switches is the single-pole double throw (SPDT) as shown in Fig. 43.10(a), which requires a minimum of two switching devices (diodes or transistors). Table 43.5 provides typical performance for broadband SPDT switches developed using GaAs MESFET monolithic tech￾nology. Table 43.5 also summarizes performance for phase shifters and attenuators, which are described briefly below. There are four main types of solid state digitally controlled phase shifters: switched line, reflection, loaded line, and low-pass/high-pass, as shown in Fig. 43.10(b). The switched-line and low-pass/high-pass configura￾tions, which are most suitable for broadband applications and compact size, are not suitable for analog operation. Reflection and loaded-line phase shifters are inherently narrowband; however, the loaded-line small bit phase shifters, 22.5 degrees or less, can be designed to have up to an octave bandwidth. Phase shifters using the vector-modulator concept have also been developed in monolithic form. Voltage-controlled variable attenuators are important control elements and are widely used for automatic gain control circuits. They are indispensable for temperature compensation of gain variation in broadband TABLE 43.4 Summary of State-of-the-Art Performance for Millimeter Wave Frequency Multipliers Tunable Output Minimum Output Maximum Output Maximum Mount Operating Band Effic. Power Effic. Power Freq. Pump Power Type (GHz) (%) (mW) (%) (mW) (GHz) (mW) Notesa Doubler 180–120 9.5 18 14.0 26.6 188 and 105 190 2, 3, 9 180–120 10.7 16 15.5 23.2 100 150 1, 2, 3 180–120 10 7 16 11 104 70 1, 4, 3 100 — — 25 20 100 80 6, 4 110–170 10 8 15 12.0 120 80 1, 2, 3 140–150 10 8 22 17.6 145 80 1, 2, 3, 5 190–260 10 8 27 21.5 215 80 1, 2, 3 200 — — 19 18 200 150 6, 4 400 — — 8.5 10.44 300 5.1 1, 2, 3, 7 500–600 7 0.7 — — — 10 1, 2, 8 Tripler 85–115 4 1.2 8 2.4 106 28 1, 2, 8 96–120 1.8 1.8 8.2 8.2 110 100 1, 2, 3 105 — — 25 18 105 72 6, 4 200–290 2.5 2.0 7.5 6 225 80 1, 2, 3 190–240 1 0.3 10 3 230 30 1, 2, 8 260–350 1.8 1.5 3.75 3.0 340 80 2, 3, 6 300 — — 2 2 300 100 6, 4 450 — — 1 0.079 450 6.3 1, 2, 3, 7 ¥ 6 balanced 310–350 0.3 0.6 0.4 0.75 345 190 1, 2, 3, 6, 9 doubler/tripler a 1, Crossed waveguide mount; 2, tuning and bias optimized at each operating frequency; 3, microstrip low-pass filter; 4, fixed tuning and bias; 5, narrowbanded version of NRAO 110- to 170-GHz doubler; 6, quasi-optical mount; 7, limited pump power available; 8, coaxial low-pass filter; 9, two-diode balanced cross guide mounts