x Contents 6> Cost 156 15 Oxidation. 15 6.10 Ineffectiveness 6.11 Influence on tolerance to other stresses 159 References...... 159 Chapter 7 Large-scale organic acid production.. .165 7.1 Introduction.... 165 72 Naturally occurring weak organic acids... 16 7.3 Microbial physiology and organic acids. 16 7.4 nd vields 16Q 7.5 Industrial fern entation. 170 opolar Organic acid demand Lactic acid production... .174 7.7.1 Factors affecting production of lactic acid. .176 7.8 Citric acid production... .177 References........ .180 Chapter 8 Resistance to organic acids. .185 81 Introduction... 185 8.2 Intrinsic(natural)resistance 185 g21 186 822 Fun 187 4444944445444449中44444444949 1 8.4 Inducibl er of resistance 189 Mechanisms of resistance....... 1 8.5. Bacteria.... 191 8.5.2 Fungi. 193 8.6 Transmission of resistance. 196 8.7 Extent of the situation... 196 8.8 E.coli O157:H7. 197 8.9 Protective effects of organic acids. 198 8.10 Possible advantages of organic acid resistance 198 8.11 Industry strategies 198 8.11.1 19g 199 Chapter9 Acid tolerance 205 Introduction 205 Delineating the difference among acid adaptation,acid tolerance,and acid resistance... .205 x Contents 6.7 Cost........................................................................................................ 156 6.8 Application methods........................................................................... 156 6.9 Oxidation .............................................................................................. 158 6.10 Ineffectiveness...................................................................................... 158 6.11 Influence on tolerance to other stresses............................................ 159 References ....................................................................................................... 159 Chapter Large-scale organic acid production 7 ................................... 165 7.1 Introduction.......................................................................................... 165 7.2 Naturally occurring weak organic acids.......................................... 165 7.3 Microbial physiology and organic acids .......................................... 165 7.4 Substrates and yields........................................................................... 168 7.5 Industrial fermentation....................................................................... 170 7.5.1 Monopolar .............................................................................. 171 7.5.2 Bipolar..................................................................................... 171 7.6 Organic acid demand.......................................................................... 173 7.7 Lactic acid production..........................................................................174 7.7.1 Factors affecting production of lactic acid..........................176 7.8 Citric acid production ......................................................................... 177 References ....................................................................................................... 180 Chapter Resistance to organic acids 8 ................................................... 185 8.1 Introduction.......................................................................................... 185 8.2 Intrinsic (natural) resistance .............................................................. 185 8.2.1 Bacteria.................................................................................... 186 8.2.2 Fungi........................................................................................ 187 8.3 Development of resistance ................................................................. 188 8.4 Inducible resistance ............................................................................. 189 8.5 Mechanisms of resistance................................................................... 191 8.5.1 Bacteria.................................................................................... 191 8.5.2 Fungi........................................................................................ 193 8.6 Transmission of resistance ................................................................. 196 8.7 Extent of the situation ......................................................................... 196 8.8 E. coli O157:H7 ...................................................................................... 197 8.9 Protective effects of organic acids ..................................................... 198 8.10 Possible advantages of organic acid resistance ............................... 198 8.11 Industry strategies............................................................................... 198 8.11.1 Targets ..................................................................................... 199 References ....................................................................................................... 199 Chapter Acid tolerance 9 ..........................................................................205 9.1 Introduction.......................................................................................... 205 9.2 Delineating the difference among acid adaptation, acid tolerance, and acid resistance............................................................. 205