Z=R+ⅸ→Z=Z∠9 Rectangular form Polar form X=X+X R--resistance X--reactance R Z=VR2+X--impedance amplitude >o inductive 9= tan impedance angle 93<0 capacitive R 0 resistiveZ = R+ jX  Z = Z  Rectangular form Polar form Z R C L X XL XC   1 = − = +  R--resistance X--reactance Z = R + X − −impedance amplitude 2 2 impedance angle R X = − − −1  tan      =   resistive capacitive inductive 0 0 0 