372 DEBORAH J. THARINGER AND KEVIN STARK ference(p<.009)was found for the presence of a happy face: Table 5 77% of the DAPs of the control children had a happy face as Correlations Between Drawing Systems did 73% of the children with an anxiety disorder and 44%of the and Self-Report measures children with a mood / anxiety disorder. Only 17% of the DAPs of the children with a mood disorder had a happy face. No molds KFD significant differences were found for the exploratory items, DAP integrative KFD integrative Measure presence of a sad face or a worried face. The frequency of indi vidual emotional indicators on the Reynolds System for the CSEI KFD by group membership is illustrated in Table 4. Chi-square SRMFF-C tests again were computed for each emotional indicator by Expres significant differences To examine possible differences among the groups on the Family Sociability mean total scores on the Koppitz DAP System, the Reynolds Family Idealization FD System, the DAP Integrative System, and the KFD inte grative System, a mANOVa test was computed, yielding a sig 30 nificance level of. 01. Subsequent univariate tests revealed no Authoritarian significant differences on the Koppitz DAP and reynolds KFD Systems (see mean scores in Table 2). Significant differ- ences were found for the DAP Integrative System, F(48, 3) 6.46, p<.001, and the K FD Integrative System, F(48, 3)=3.04, 1975): SRMFF-C= Self Report Measure of Family Functioning for p<. 04. Planned contrasts indicated that the children with Children(Stark, Humphrey, Lewis, Crook, 1990) mood disorders and mood/anxiety disorders had higher ratings p<.05."p<. 01 indicative of more psychopathology) on the DAP Integrative System than did the children in the control group and that the children with anxiety disorders did not differ from the control from the KFD Integrative Systems were correlated with nine group. Similarly, on the KFD Integrative System, children with selected scales of the SRMFF-C. Because of the large numberof mood disorders had higher, more pathological ratings than did correlations computed, the level of significance was set at 0 the control group. Children with mood/anxiety disorders and (see Table 5). Scores on the Reynolds KFD System were signifi- anxiety disorders did not differ from the control group To examine possible sex differences among the groups on the cantly correlated with the scale of Cohesion from the Relation- ship dimension and the scale of Organization from the Systems mean total scores of the four systems, a MANOVa test was aintenance dimension. Scores on the KFD Integrative Sys- computed, yielding a significance level of OI(there were too tem were significantly correlated with Cohesion, Conflict (al few boys in the sample to conduct a Sex x Group Membership sence of ) and Family Sociability from the Relationship dimen- analysis). Significant univariate tests were obtained only for the sion, and Organization and Democratic Family Style from the DAP Integrative System scores, F(50, 1)=760, p <.008, and Systems Maintenance dimension the K FD Integrative System scores, F(50, 1)=10.17, p<002 In both cases, boys received higher(more pathological)scores To evaluate the relationships between the total scores and ratings produced by the four drawing-scoring systems, correla- The results of the analyses of the quantitative methods for tions were computed among the Koppitz DAP, the DAP Inte- scoring human-figure drawings support previous research by grative, the Reynolds KFD, and the KFD Integrative Systems. demonstrating the inability of individual emotional indicators The Koppitz System did not correlate significantly with any of on both the daP and the kfd to differentiate children who the other systems. The Reynolds System was significantly have received diagnoses of internalizing psychological dis correlated only with the K Fd Integrative System(r=.30, p< orders from normal controls Of 30 emotional indicators on the 02). The DAP and the K FD Integrative Systems were signifi- Koppitz System and 37 on the Reynolds Systems, none differ- To examine the relationship between self-presentation on a and mood/ anxiety disorders from normal controls. In contrast drawing and self-concept on a self-report measure, the total to the results of Lewinsohn(1964)with depressed adults and scores on the Koppitz DAP System and the scores from the Gordon et al. 1980)with depressed girls, depressed children in DAP Integrative System were correlated with childrens scores this study were not more likely to produce drawings with tiny on the CSEl (see Table 5). The total scores from the Koppitz figures on the DAP Consistent with the findings of Gordon et DAP System were not significantly correlated with the CSEL. al, depressed children were no more likely to use light lines The Psychological Functioning of the Individual scores on the their drawings as scored here on the KFDs DAP Integrative System were significantly related to the CSEt As noted in the introduction, a number of classic signs of (r=, 41, p<. 001). Children who reported higher self-concepts anxiety in the drawings of children have been proposed, and also produced DAPs that were evaluated to be healthier. To they were explored in this study. Support was not found for the explore the relationship between the presentation of family in a sign of shading, nor for the use oferasures or heavily reinforced drawing and the perception of family on a self-report measure, lines. the children with anxiety disorders were no different the total scores on the Reynolds KFD System and the scores than the other children in the use of erasures, nor did they use372 DEBORAH J. THARINGER AND KEVIN STARK ference (p < .009) was found for the presence of a happy face: 77% of the DAPs of the control children had a happy face, as did 73% of the children with an anxiety disorder and 44% of the children with a mood/anxiety disorder. Only 17% of the DAPs of the children with a mood disorder had a happy face. No significant differences were found for the exploratory items, presence of a sad face or a worried face. The frequency of indi￾vidual emotional indicators on the Reynolds System for the KFD by group membership is illustrated in Table 4. Chi-square tests again were computed for each emotional indicator by group, and no significant differences were found. To examine possible differences among the groups on the mean total scores on the Koppitz DAP System, the Reynolds KFD System, the DAP Integrative System, and the KFD Inte￾grative System, a MANOVA test was computed, yielding a sig￾nificance level of .01. Subsequent univariate tests revealed no significant differences on the Koppitz DAP and Reynolds KFD Systems (see mean scores in Table 2). Significant differ￾ences were found for the DAP Integrative System, F(48, 3) = 6.46, p < .001, and the KFD Integrative System, F(48,3) = 3.04, p < .04. Planned contrasts indicated that the children with mood disorders and mood/anxiety disorders had higher ratings (indicative of more psychopathology) on the DAP Integrative System than did the children in the control group and that the children with anxiety disorders did not differ from the control group. Similarly, on the KFD Integrative System, children with mood disorders had higher, more pathological ratings than did the control group. Children with mood/anxiety disorders and anxiety disorders did not differ from the control group. To examine possible sex differences among the groups on the mean total scores of the four systems, a MANOVA test was computed, yielding a significance level of .01 (there were too few boys in the sample to conduct a Sex X Group Membership analysis). Significant univariate tests were obtained only for the DAP Integrative System scores, F(50,1) = 7.60, p < .008, and the KFD Integrative System scores, F(50,1) = 10.17, p < .002. In both cases, boys received higher (more pathological) scores. To evaluate the relationships between the total scores and ratings produced by the four drawing-scoring systems, correla￾tions were computed among the Koppitz DAP, the DAP Inte￾grative, the Reynolds KFD, and the KFD Integrative Systems. The Koppitz System did not correlate significantly with any of the other systems. The Reynolds System was significantly correlated only with the KFD Integrative System (r = .30, p < .02). The DAP and the KFD Integrative Systems were signifi￾cantly related with each other (r = .55, p < .0001). To examine the relationship between self-presentation on a drawing and self-concept on a self-report measure, the total scores on the Koppitz DAP System and the scores from the DAP Integrative System were correlated with children's scores on the CSEI (see Table 5). The total scores from the Koppitz DAP System were not significantly correlated with the CSEI. The Psychological Functioning of the Individual scores on the DAP Integrative System were significantly related to the CSEI (r= .41, p < .001). Children who reported higher self-concepts also produced DAPs that were evaluated to be healthier. To explore the relationship between the presentation of family in a drawing and the perception of family on a self-report measure, the total scores on the Reynolds KFD System and the scores Table 5 Correlations Between Drawing Systems and Self-Report Measures Measure Koppitz DAP Reynolds KFD DAP integrative KFD integrative system system system system CSEI .14 SRMFF-C Cohesion Expression Conflict Family Sociability Family Idealization Organization Democratic Family Style Authoritarian Family Style Enmeshment ***41 **32 .30 .17 .25 .14 **38 .17 .08 .12 ".32 .24 **33 **.29 .24 **33 **30 .21 .04 Note. CSEI = Coopersmith Self Esteem Inventory (Coopersmith, 1975); SRMFF-C = Self Report Measure of Family Functioning for Children (Stark, Humphrey, Lewis, & Crook, 1990). */><.05. **p<.01. ***/><.001. from the KFD Integrative Systems were correlated with nine selected scales of the SRMFF-C. Because of the large number of correlations computed, the level of significance was set at .01 (see Table 5). Scores on the Reynolds KFD System were signifi￾cantly correlated with the scale of Cohesion from the Relation￾ship dimension and the scale of Organization from the Systems Maintenance dimension. Scores on the KFD Integrative Sys￾tem were significantly correlated with Cohesion, Conflict (ab￾sence of), and Family Sociability from the Relationship dimen￾sion, and Organization and Democratic Family Style from the Systems Maintenance dimension. Discussion The results of the analyses of the quantitative methods for scoring human-figure drawings support previous research by demonstrating the inability of individual emotional indicators on both the DAP and the KFD to differentiate children who have received diagnoses of internalizing psychological dis￾orders from normal controls. Of 30 emotional indicators on the Koppitz System and 37 on the Reynolds Systems, none differ￾entiated the children with mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and mood/anxiety disorders from normal controls. In contrast to the results of Lewinsohn (1964) with depressed adults and Gordon et al. (1980) with depressed girls, depressed children in this study were not more likely to produce drawings with tiny figures on the DAP. Consistent with the findings of Gordon et al., depressed children were no more likely to use light lines in their drawings as scored here on the KFDs. As noted in the introduction, a number of classic signs of anxiety in the drawings of children have been proposed, and they were explored in this study. Support was not found for the sign of shading, nor for the use of erasures or heavily reinforced lines. The children with anxiety disorders were no different than the other children in the use of erasures, nor did they use