A large proportion of ocean transportation is effected by bulk cargo shi Dry bulk cargo includes products such as iron ore, coal, limestone, grain, cement, bauxite gypsum, and sugar. Most oceangoing dry bulk carriers are loaded and unloaded using shore side installations. Many dry bulk carriers operating in the great Lakes have shipboard equipment for the handling of cargo(self-unloaders), and an increasing number of oceangoing ships carrying this type of By far the largest amount of liquid bulk cargo consists of petroleum products, but ocean transportation of other bulk liquid products is increasing in importance; for example, various hemicals, vegetable oils, molasses, latex, liquefied gases, molten sulfur, and even wine and fruit juices. Practically all liquid bulk carriers have pumps for unloading the cargo, usually have ship Practically all bulk carriers have the machinery compartment crew accommodations, and anning stations located aft. An exception is the Great Lakes self-unloader with crew accommodations and bridge forward The tendency in bulk carriers is toward larger ships, with speeds remaining about constant at moderate level (16-18 knots or 30-33 km/h for oceangoing ships, lower for Great Lakes vessels) The oceangoing ore carrier is characterized by a high double bottom and small volume of car hold because of the high density of the ore. Storing the cargo high in the ship decreases stability and prevents excessively quick rolling oceangoing combination bulk carrier permits ost transportation because of its flexibility. It is able to carry many types of bulk cargoes over a variety of sea lanes. This type of ship carries bulk cargoes, such as petroleum product, coal, grain, and ore. The double bottom in bulk carriers is shallow and the volume of cargo holds is large compared to the size of the ship The tanker is the characteristic, and by far the most important, liquid bulk carrier both in large tankers are used almost entirely for the transport of crude oil. A few tankers are built especially for the transportation of chemical products, and others are prepared for alter native loads of grain Bulk liquid carriers, with standing, rectangular, cylindrical, or spherical car go tanks separated from the hull, are used for the transportation of molten sulfur and liquefied gases, such as anhydrous ammonia and natural gas. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is also carried in ships with membrane tanks, 1. e, where a thin metallic linear is fitted into a tank composed of ship structural and load-bearing insulation. The transportation of molten surfur and liquefied gases requires special consideration regarding insulation and high structural soundness of cargo tanks, including the use of high grade, costly materials for their construction From "McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology", Vol 8. 1982) P The accommodations for passengers in this type of ship are located to assure maximum comfort. Generally a passenger-cargo ship serves ports that have an appeal for the tourist trade and where rather special, high freight-rate cargo is handled. Because of the service needs of passengers, a ship of this type requires a much larger crew than a merchant ship of comparable size engaged exclusively in the carriage of cargo The living accommodations for passengers consist of staterooms with 1- 4 berths, each room with bath and toilet. a few rooms m connected and suites may include a living room dressing room, and even a private outdoor veranda. Public rooms for passenger use may includeA large proportion of ocean transportation is effected by bulk cargo ships. Dry bulk cargo includes products such as iron ore, coal, limestone, grain, cement, bauxite gypsum, and sugar. Most oceangoing dry bulk carriers are loaded and unloaded using shore side installations. Many dry bulk carriers operating in the Great Lakes have shipboard equipment for the handling of cargo (self-unloaders), and an increasing number of oceangoing ships carrying this type of cargo are being fitted with self-unloading gear. By far the largest amount of liquid bulk cargo consists of petroleum products, but ocean transportation of other bulk liquid products is increasing in importance; for example, various chemicals, vegetable oils, molasses, latex, liquefied gases, molten sulfur, and even wine and fruit juices. Practically all liquid bulk carriers have pumps for unloading the cargo, usually have ship board pumps for unloading liquids. Practically all bulk carriers have the machinery compartment, crew accommodations, and conning stations located aft. An exception is the Great Lakes self-unloader with crew accommodations and bridge forward. The tendency in bulk carriers is toward larger ships, with speeds remaining about constant at moderate level (16-18 knots or 30-33 km/h for oceangoing ships, lower for Great Lakes vessels). The oceangoing ore carrier is characterized by a high double bottom and small volume of cargo hold because of the high density of the ore. Storing the cargo high in the ship decreases stability and prevents excessively quick rolling. The oceangoing combination bulk carrier permits low-cost transportation because of its flexibility. It is able to carry many types of bulk cargoes over a variety of sea lanes. This type of ship carries bulk cargoes, such as petroleum product, coal, grain, and ore. The double bottom in bulk carriers is shallow and the volume of cargo holds is large compared to the size of the ship. The tanker is the characteristic, and by far the most important, liquid bulk carrier both in numbers and tonnage. Tankers carry petroleum products almost exclusively. The very large tankers are used almost entirely for the transport of crude oil. Afew tankers are built especially for the transportation of chemical products, and others are prepared for alter native loads of grain. Bulk liquid carriers, with standing, rectangular, cylindrical, or spherical cargo tanks separated from the hull, are used for the transportation of molten sulfur and liquefied gases, such as anhydrous ammonia and natural gas. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is also carried in ships with membrane tanks, i.e., where a thin metallic linear is fitted into a tank composed of ship structural and load-bearing insulation. The transportation of molten surfur and liquefied gases requires special consideration regarding insulation and high structural soundness of cargo tanks, including the use of high grade, costly materials for their construction. (From “McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology”, Vol. 8. 1982). Passenger-cargo ships The accommodations for passengers in this type of ship are located to assure maximum comfort. Generally a passenger-cargo ship serves ports that have an appeal for the tourist trade and where rather special, high freight-rate cargo is handled. Because of the service needs of passengers, a ship of this type requires a much larger crew than a merchant ship of comparable size engaged exclusively in the carriage of cargo. The living accommodations for passengers consist of staterooms with 1-4 berths, each room with bath and toilet. A few rooms may be connected and suites may include a living room, dressing room, and even a private outdoor veranda. Public rooms for passenger use may include