Journal of International Commercial Law and Technology Vol.4,Issue 1 (2009) The PRC Contract Law and Its Unique Notion of Subrogation Dr Grace Li Faculty of Law, University of Technology,Sydney (UTS) Australia Grace.li@uts.edu.au Abstract:This paper briefly introduces a recent history of the development of the Chinese contract law.It then analyses various specific contract law issues including formation of the contract,liability for breach of contract and the notion of subrogation.This paper finds that PRC's contract law presents a hybrid version with key concepts from both Common law tradition and the Civil law tradition.This hybrid is however unique in the way of enforcing contracting parties' rights/obligations in many contract matters.Unfortunately,without a proper case recording system in the jurisdiction,the unique Chinese legal method is somehow difficult to solve complex contract issues.This paper then argues further that there is a need to update the current system in the law of contract,particular in dealing with the right of subrogation. Introduction The notion of subrogation has been developed and utilised in the area of contract law in the continental European countries for centuries.It is however not that widely used in the Common Law countries.The usage of subrogation in the Common law countries is basically limited in the insurance claim cases. China,Chinese economy and PRC's legal system have started to be noticed by the world in the recent years,especially after China's entry into WTO in 2001,which makes a big event for the world economy.With the astronomical population and infinite domestic market,China started to show its charm in the global arena of the market-economy countries.Thus,there is no doubts that the study of PRC's legal system becomes crucial to understand and deal with this country. Since the famous 'open door policy'was announced in the late 1970s,PRC has been witnessed in the past years with reforms happened in every comer of the country including bureaucracy,education,legal system, economy and even public's mindset(Jiang,2002).These reforms have brought enormous changes to the country. More importantly,as one consequence of these reforms,Chinese legal system has adopted many features from both Common Law countries and the traditional Civil law countries.This massive adoption process in a comparatively short period of time has created an unique hybrid legal culture in China.Unfortunately,as a fundamental element and a crucial safeguard of trading,Chinese law and legal system has been criticized heavily due to its famous framework approach and ambiguity(W.Wang,2007).The PRC's contract law is such an example.Although the law of contract is traditionally an area of law with some hardly avoidable uncertainties, unlike other legal areas in which state interests are more heavily involved and legal rules are more settled and certain,such as family relations,property and torts(Beale,1909),the "China brand"(M.Zhang,2006 )contract law has been paying negative contributions to the trading with people from other countries. Against this background,this paper will briefly introduce a recent history of the development of the Chinese contract law to set a context of discussion.It will then analyse various specific elements of the Chinese contract law,in particular,formation of the contract,liability for breach of contract and the notion of subrogation. This paper finds that PRC's contract law presents a hybrid version with key concepts from both Common law tradition and the Civil law tradition.This hybrid is however unique in the way of enforcing contracting parties' rights/obligations in PRC's jurisdiction.Unfortunately,without a proper case law recording system,the unique Chinese legal method is somehow difficult in solving complex contract issues.This paper then further argues that there is a need to update the current system in the law of contract,particular in dealing with the right of subrogation. 3 Context of the discussion-A brief history of Chinese Contract Law As a trading nation for centuries,China did not have any specific laws governing the area of contract until 1981 when the first piece of legislation passed by the National People's Congress naming the Economic Contract Law of PRC(ECL).Before that,there were only a few regulations and ordinances made by the government,which seemed running the country's economy sufficiently during a period of time,when the country's economy was planned strictly by the government.The planned economy did not promote equal entities in trade and commerce, 12Journal of International Commercial Law and Technology Vol. 4, Issue 1 (2009) 12 The PRC Contract Law and Its Unique Notion of Subrogation Dr Grace Li Faculty of Law, University of Technology, Sydney (UTS) Australia Grace.li@uts.edu.au Abstract: This paper briefly introduces a recent history of the development of the Chinese contract law. It then analyses various specific contract law issues including formation of the contract, liability for breach of contract and the notion of subrogation. This paper finds that PRC’s contract law presents a hybrid version with key concepts from both Common law tradition and the Civil law tradition. This hybrid is however unique in the way of enforcing contracting parties’ rights/obligations in many contract matters. Unfortunately, without a proper case recording system in the jurisdiction, the unique Chinese legal method is somehow difficult to solve complex contract issues. This paper then argues further that there is a need to update the current system in the law of contract, particular in dealing with the right of subrogation. 1 Introduction The notion of subrogation has been developed and utilised in the area of contract law in the continental European countries for centuries. It is however not that widely used in the Common Law countries. The usage of subrogation in the Common law countries is basically limited in the insurance claim cases. China, Chinese economy and PRC’s legal system have started to be noticed by the world in the recent years, especially after China’s entry into WTO in 2001, which makes a big event for the world economy. With the astronomical population and infinite domestic market, China started to show its charm in the global arena of the market-economy countries. Thus, there is no doubts that the study of PRC’s legal system becomes crucial to understand and deal with this country. Since the famous ‘open door policy’ was announced in the late 1970s, PRC has been witnessed in the past years with reforms happened in every comer of the country including bureaucracy, education, legal system, economy and even public’s mindset(Jiang, 2002). These reforms have brought enormous changes to the country. More importantly, as one consequence of these reforms, Chinese legal system has adopted many features from both Common Law countries and the traditional Civil law countries. This massive adoption process in a comparatively short period of time has created an unique hybrid legal culture in China. Unfortunately, as a fundamental element and a crucial safeguard of trading, Chinese law and legal system has been criticized heavily due to its famous framework approach and ambiguity (W. Wang, 2007). The PRC’s contract law is such an example. Although the law of contract is traditionally an area of law with some hardly avoidable uncertainties, unlike other legal areas in which state interests are more heavily involved and legal rules are more settled and certain, such as family relations, property and torts (Beale, 1909), the “China brand” (M. Zhang, 2006 ) contract law has been paying negative contributions to the trading with people from other countries. Against this background, this paper will briefly introduce a recent history of the development of the Chinese contract law to set a context of discussion. It will then analyse various specific elements of the Chinese contract law, in particular, formation of the contract, liability for breach of contract and the notion of subrogation. This paper finds that PRC’s contract law presents a hybrid version with key concepts from both Common law tradition and the Civil law tradition. This hybrid is however unique in the way of enforcing contracting parties’ rights/obligations in PRC’s jurisdiction. Unfortunately, without a proper case law recording system, the unique Chinese legal method is somehow difficult in solving complex contract issues. This paper then further argues that there is a need to update the current system in the law of contract, particular in dealing with the right of subrogation. 2 Context of the discussion - A brief history of Chinese Contract Law As a trading nation for centuries, China did not have any specific laws governing the area of contract until 1981 when the first piece of legislation passed by the National People’s Congress naming the Economic Contract Law of PRC (ECL). Before that, there were only a few regulations and ordinances made by the government, which seemed running the country’s economy sufficiently during a period of time, when the country’s economy was planned strictly by the government. The planned economy did not promote equal entities in trade and commerce