Abstract 2-Humanities/Social Sciences Swales Feak 2009: 7) (1) Prekindergarten programs are expanding rapidly but evidence on their effects is limited. ( 2) Using rich data from Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, we estimate the effects of prekindergarten on children's school readiness. (3)We find that prekindergarten is associated with higher reading and mathematics skills at school entry, but also higher levels of behavior problems. (4) By the spring of first grade, estimated effects on academic skills have largely dissipated, but the behavioral effects persist. (5) Larger and longer lasting associations with academic gains are found for disadvantaged children. (6) Finally, we find some evidence that prekindergarten located in public schools do not have adverse effects on behavior problems In the above sentences the writer: (1) (6 PART 3: Abstracts- Step by Step Researchers have identified five rhetorical moves (or communicative stages) in abstracts Swales &Feak(2009:5) Move Typical labels Implied Questions Move 1 Background /introduction/situation What do we know about the ? Why is the topic important? Move 2 Present research/ purpo i What is this study about? Move 3 Methods/materials/subjects/procedures Ho low was it done? Move 4 i What was discovered? Move 5 Discusson/conclusion/implications/recommendations What do the findings mean MOVE 1AND 2 There are four basic types of opening sentences(Swales Feak 2009: 10) Type A: Starting with a Real-World Phenomenon or with Standard Practice Examples: Corporate taxation rates vary around the world Economists have long been interested in the relationship between corporate taxation and corporate strategy Type B: Starting with Purpose or Objecti The aim of this study is to examine the effects of the recent change in corporate taxation Type C: Starting with Present Researcher Action We analyze corporate taxation returns before and after the introduction of the new tax rules The relationship between corporate taxation and corporate strategy remain unclear. Activity: Make an opening statement for your own abstract (choose one of the above four statement types). Then get some peer-review from your group3 Abstract 2 – Humanities/Social Sciences (Swales & Feak 2009: 7) (1) Prekindergarten programs are expanding rapidly but evidence on their effects is limited. (2) Using rich data from Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, we estimate the effects of prekindergarten on children’s school readiness. (3) We find that prekindergarten is associated with higher reading and mathematics skills at school entry, but also higher levels of behavior problems. (4) By the spring of first grade, estimated effects on academic skills have largely dissipated, but the behavioral effects persist. (5) Larger and longer lasting associations with academic gains are found for disadvantaged children. (6) Finally, we find some evidence that prekindergartens located in public schools do not have adverse effects on behavior problems. In the above sentences, the writer: (1) ___________________________________________________________________________ (2) ___________________________________________________________________________ (3) ___________________________________________________________________________ (4) ___________________________________________________________________________ (5) ___________________________________________________________________________ (6) ___________________________________________________________________________ PART 3: Abstracts – Step by Step Researchers have identified five rhetorical moves (or communicative stages) in abstracts Swales & Feak (2009: 5) MOVE 1 AND 2 There are four basic types of opening sentences (Swales & Feak 2009: 10) Type A: Starting with a Real-World Phenomenon or with Standard Practice Examples: Corporate taxation rates vary around the world. Economists have long been interested in the relationship between corporate taxation and corporate strategy. Type B: Starting with Purpose or Objective The aim of this study is to examine the effects of the recent change in corporate taxation. Type C: Starting with Present Researcher Action We analyze corporate taxation returns before and after the introduction of the new tax rules. Type D: Starting with a Problem or Uncertainty The relationship between corporate taxation and corporate strategy remain unclear. Activity: Make an opening statement for your own abstract (choose one of the above four statement types). Then get some peer-review from your group. _______________________________________________________________________________