Acknowledgements This study was organized jointly by China's and Pacific Region Axel van Trotsenburg Ministry of Finance(MoF),National Health Timothy Grant Evans,Senior Director for and Family Planning Commission(NHFPC), Health,Nutrition and Population Global Ministry of Human Resources and Social Practice;Olusoji Adeyi,Director for Health, Security (MoHRSS),the World Health Nutrition and Population Global Practice; Organization(WHO),and the World Bank Bert Hofman,Director for China,Korea, Group (WBG).The study was proposed by Mongolia;Mara Warwick,Operations Premier Keqiang Li and the Vice Premier manager for China,Mongolia and Koreaand Yandong Liu,Minister Jiwei Lou of MoF, Toomas Palu,Global Practice Manager for Minister Bin Li of NHFPC,Minister Weimin Health,Nutrition and Population Global Yin of MoHRSS,President of WBG Jim Yong Practice in East Asia and Pacific Region Kim and Director General Margaret Chan (WBG). provided valuable leadership and guidance at Valuable advice was provided by the the impetus as well as the critical junctions members of the External Advisory Panel of the study.In particular,Vice Premier Liu comprising:Michael Porter,Bishop William hosted two special hearings on the progress Lawrence University Professor at the Institute and main findings for the study in March of for Strategy and Competitiveness,based at the 2015and2016. Harvard Business School;Donald Berwick, Under the overall leadership of Minister President Emeritus and Senior Fellow, Jiwei Lou(MOF)and the Managing Director Institute for Healthcare Improvement,former and Chief Operating Officer Sri Mulyani President and Chief Executive Officer of the Indrawati of the World Bank Group,the Institute for Healthcare Improvement and report was overseen by the joint team in Administrator of the Centers for Medicare five participating organizations led by Vice and Medicaid Services;Winnie Yip,Professor Ministers Yaobin Shi,Weiping Yu (MOF); of Health Policy and Economics at the Vice Ministers Zhigang Sun,Xiaowei Blavatnik School of Government,University Ma (NHFPC);Vice Ministers Jun You, of Oxford;Ellen Nolte,Coordinator of the Xiaoyi Hu(MoHRSS);Regional Director European Observatory at the London School Shin Young-soo,Bernhard Schwartlander, of Economics and Political Science and WHO Representative in China;and,Vivian the London School of Hygiene Tropical Lin,Director of Division of Health Sector Medicine;Yanfeng Ge,Director-General, Development,Western Pacific Regional Office Department of Social Development Research, (WHO);Regional Vice-President of East Asia Development Research Center of the State DEEPENING HEALTH REFORM IN CHINA xiDEEPENING HEALTH REFORM IN CHINA xi Acknowledgements This study was organized jointly by China’s Ministry of Finance (MoF), National Health and Family Planning Commission (NHFPC), Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security (MoHRSS), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the World Bank Group (WBG). The study was proposed by Premier Keqiang Li and the Vice Premier Yandong Liu, Minister Jiwei Lou of MoF, Minister Bin Li of NHFPC, Minister Weimin Yin of MoHRSS, President of WBG Jim Yong Kim and Director General Margaret Chan provided valuable leadership and guidance at the impetus as well as the critical junctions of the study. In particular, Vice Premier Liu hosted two special hearings on the progress and main findings for the study in March of 2015 and 2016. Under the overall leadership of Minister Jiwei Lou (MOF) and the Managing Director and Chief Operating Officer Sri Mulyani Indrawati of the World Bank Group, the report was overseen by the joint team in five participating organizations led by Vice Ministers Yaobin Shi, Weiping Yu (MOF); Vice Ministers Zhigang Sun, Xiaowei Ma (NHFPC); Vice Ministers Jun You, Xiaoyi Hu(MoHRSS); Regional Director Shin Young-soo, Bernhard Schwartländer, WHO Representative in China; and, Vivian Lin, Director of Division of Health Sector Development, Western Pacific Regional Office (WHO); Regional Vice-President of East Asia and Pacific Region Axel van Trotsenburg ; Timothy Grant Evans, Senior Director for Health, Nutrition and Population Global Practice; Olusoji Adeyi, Director for Health, Nutrition and Population Global Practice; Bert Hofman, Director for China, Korea, Mongolia; Mara Warwick, Operations manager for China, Mongolia and Koreaand Toomas Palu, Global Practice Manager for Health, Nutrition and Population Global Practice in East Asia and Pacific Region (WBG). Valuable advice was provided by the members of the External Advisory Panel comprising: Michael Porter, Bishop William Lawrence University Professor at the Institute for Strategy and Competitiveness, based at the Harvard Business School; Donald Berwick, President Emeritus and Senior Fellow, Institute for Healthcare Improvement, former President and Chief Executive Officer of the Institute for Healthcare Improvement and Administrator of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services; Winnie Yip, Professor of Health Policy and Economics at the Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford; Ellen Nolte, Coordinator of the European Observatory at the London School of Economics and Political Science and the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine; Yanfeng Ge, Director-General, Department of Social Development Research, Development Research Center of the State