103 Command, Control, and Communications(C3) G. Clapp Ocean Surveillance Center 103.3 The Technologies of C 103.4 The Dynamics of Encounters D. Sworder 103.5 The Role of the human Decisionmaker in C3 University of California, San Diego 103.6 Summary 103.1 Scope The focus of this chapter is not a detailed profile of a current or planned military C system but it is rather on programmatic reorderings render such express descriptions to become rapidly outdated. Thus block dagrare o the issues and the technologies of the C mission. Evolving technology, an evolving world order, and constant of specific military systems(and listings of their acronyms)are de-emphasized. Of paramount interest is not electronics technology in isolation, but rather technology integrated into systems and analysis of these systems operating under complex real world environments that include technologically capable adversaries. The human commander or decisionmaker, as the principal action element in a C system, is included explicitly in the 103.2 Background Electronics technology is nowhere more intensively and broadly applied than in military systems. Military systems are effective only through their command and control( c)and this is recognized by the fact that is a critical discipline within the military. Frequently systems will be denoted C2I or CI rather than command and control. This adds to C2 the essential area of intelligence and intelligence products derived from surveillance systems. All variants of these acronyms are to be considered equal, whether or not communications, intelligence, or surveillance have been left implicit or made explicit. Likewise the superscript notation is considered optional and interchangeable. The formal discipline of C3 within the military has not been matched by focused technical journals or university curricula due to its highly multidisciplinary nature Two definitions from a Joint Chiefs of Staff (CS)publication CS, Pub. 1] capture the breadth of C2. This ference defines command and control as"The exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commander over assigned forces in the accomplishment of his mission Command and control functions are performed through an arrangement of personnel, equipment, communications, facilities, and procedures which are employed by a commander in planning, directing, coordinating and controlling forces and operations in the accomplishment of his mission. C2 systems are defined, with almost equal breadth, as "An integrated system comprised of doctrine, pI dures, or onal structure, personnel, equipment, facilities, and communications which provides autho ities at all levels with timely and adequate data to plan, direct and control their operation c 2000 by CRC Press LLC© 2000 by CRC Press LLC 103 Command, Control, and Communications (C3) 103.1 Scope 103.2 Background 103.3 The Technologies of C3 103.4 The Dynamics of Encounters 103.5 The Role of the Human Decisionmaker in C3 103.6 Summary 103.1 Scope The focus of this chapter is not a detailed profile of a current or planned military C3 system but it is rather on the issues and the technologies of the C3 mission. Evolving technology, an evolving world order, and constant programmatic reorderings render such express descriptions to become rapidly outdated. Thus block diagrams of specific military systems (and listings of their acronyms) are de-emphasized. Of paramount interest is not electronics technology in isolation, but rather technology integrated into systems and analysis of these systems operating under complex real world environments that include technologically capable adversaries. The human commander or decisionmaker, as the principal action element in a C3 system, is included explicitly in the system analysis. 103.2 Background Electronics technology is nowhere more intensively and broadly applied than in military systems. Military systems are effective only through their command and control (C2 ) and this is recognized by the fact that C3 is a critical discipline within the military. Frequently systems will be denoted C2 I or C3 I rather than command and control. This adds to C2 the essential area of intelligence and intelligence products derived from surveillance systems.All variants of these acronyms are to be considered equal, whether or not communications, intelligence, or surveillance have been left implicit or made explicit. Likewise the superscript notation is considered optional and interchangeable. The formal discipline of C3 within the military has not been matched by focused technical journals or university curricula due to its highly multidisciplinary nature. Two definitions from a Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) publication [JCS, Pub. 1] capture the breadth of C2. This reference defines command and control as “The exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commander over assigned forces in the accomplishment of his mission. Command and control functions are performed through an arrangement of personnel, equipment, communications, facilities, and procedures which are employed by a commander in planning, directing, coordinating and controlling forces and operations in the accomplishment of his mission.” C2 systems are defined, with almost equal breadth, as “An integrated system comprised of doctrine, proce￾dures, organizational structure, personnel, equipment, facilities, and communications which provides author￾ities at all levels with timely and adequate data to plan, direct and control their operations.” G. Clapp Naval Command, Control and Ocean Surveillance Center D. Sworder University of California, San Diego