Development c Documented Development Design Developments FIGURE 103.2 Architectural processes. Command and control systems are examples of perhaps the most complex adaptive systems. In its static state,C3 assets are aggregates of sensors, processors, databases, humans(with their attributes and organizations), computer hardware/software, mobile platforms, weapons, and communication equipments distributed over wide areas. In the dynamic state these assets must be mapped into capabilities in the presence of uncertain or unexpected threats, evolving missions, changing environments, mixed with unreliable communications and possible deception. All can be expected to occur over extended geographic regions and at high tempos. In short C maps assets into capabilities. The control processes require rapid and accurate decisionmaking: from this has come the need for heavy reliance on computer-based data systems and high-reliability communications. Despite the existence of fielded weapon systems capable of autonomous operation, the principal action element in the system is still human C3 system complexity arises primarily from the magnitude and mobility of the forces involved; forces that can be composed of up to thousands of mobile platforms and hundreds of thousands of personnel. To this added the large amount of uncertainty present; uncertainty borne of the adversary, of human attributes, dynamics, hostile environments, and communications. Hundreds of radio frequency channels may be in simultaneous use supporting command, surveillance, intelligence, personnel, and logistics functions 103.3 The Technologies of C3 The general scenario outlined in the previous sections is no longer accommodated by last generation technology of grease pencils, maps, and visual signaling. Technology covered in nearly every other chapter of this handbook is rapidly being incorporated into military C3 systems. Defense departments world wide continue to support technology develo from sub-micron microprocessing devices to global infor rmation Technologies with recent major impact on C3 are a. Digital communications/data links/networking. The newer and critical role of digital(computer-com puter)communications initially became possible through satellite communication systems. Tactical data links(short-range digital communications) have been enhanced by error control techniques such coding, automatic repeat requests, and spread spectrum radios. Networking, a well-established commercial hnique, is being developed for tactical applications. Networking offers survivability through alternate e 2000 by CRC Press LLC© 2000 by CRC Press LLC Command and control systems are examples of perhaps the most complex adaptive systems. In its static state, C3 assets are aggregates of sensors, processors, databases, humans (with their attributes and organizations), computer hardware/software, mobile platforms, weapons, and communication equipments distributed over wide areas. In the dynamic state these assets must be mapped into capabilities in the presence of uncertain or unexpected threats, evolving missions, changing environments, mixed with unreliable communications and possible deception. All can be expected to occur over extended geographic regions and at high tempos. In short, C3 maps assets into capabilities. The control processes require rapid and accurate decisionmaking; from this has come the need for heavy reliance on computer-based data systems and high-reliability communications. Despite the existence of fielded weapon systems capable of autonomous operation, the principal action element in the system is still human. C3 system complexity arises primarily from the magnitude and mobility of the forces involved; forces that can be composed of up to thousands of mobile platforms and hundreds of thousands of personnel. To this is added the large amount of uncertainty present; uncertainty borne of the adversary, of human attributes, dynamics, hostile environments, and communications. Hundreds of radio frequency channels may be in simultaneous use supporting command, surveillance, intelligence, personnel, and logistics functions. 103.3 The Technologies of C3 The general scenario outlined in the previous sections is no longer accommodated by last generation technology of grease pencils, maps, and visual signaling. Technology covered in nearly every other chapter of this handbook is rapidly being incorporated into military C3 systems. Defense departments world wide continue to support technology developments from sub-micron microprocessing devices to global information systems. Technologies with recent major impact on C3 are a. Digital communications/data links/networking. The newer and critical role of digital (computer-com￾puter) communications initially became possible through satellite communication systems. Tactical data links (short-range digital communications) have been enhanced by error control techniques such as coding, automatic repeat requests, and spread spectrum radios. Networking, a well-established commercial technique, is being developed for tactical applications. Networking offers survivability through alternate FIGURE 103.2 Architectural processes