another individual has been seriously injured or killed. Though raiding may be precipitated by motives of revenge, women are frequently captured in the course of a raid, and this becomes another reason to continue to raid. Revenge and warfare are also governed by reciprocity. When a killing occurs, that killing must always be avenged. A single event can precipitate warfare but only if relations between the groups have deteriorated. The objective of the raid is to kill one or more of the enemy and flee without being discovered. However, if the victims of the raid discover their assailants and manage to kill one of them, the campaign is considered a loss. The Yanomamo have become established in the anthropological literature as the prime exampl of a warlike, aggressive people. Anthropologists have been very concerned with offering explanations for warfare. Some feel that warfare is due to instinctive human aggressiveness and that the Yanomamo, the Mae Enga and the gebusi of New Guinea exhibit primary illustrations of checked or innate human aggression. Anthropologists, however, also note that warfare is prevalent at certain times and not others, and under certain conditions and not others. For example, is the aggression in Yanomamo greater of less that in Gebusi where one third of all adult deaths are due to homicide. And do these illustrate a greater tendency to aggression and hostility than do certain kinds of warfare?(Among the Enga and other peoples of highland Nev Guinea, warfare is a common occurrence but it often ends with the killing of a single individu Is this more or less aggressive than the dropping of napalm on villages of innocent civilians as was the case of U.S. warfare during the Vietnam War Like the wars fought by the Yanomamo, our wars are also conducted according to rules. After WWl, the use of poison gas was outlawed by international agreement. The Korean War w conducted as a limited war-limited in that nuclear weapons were not used. Recent scholarship by Brian Ferguson has challenged the earlier ideas of Chagnon concerning Yanomamo Ferguson claims that the ideal of innate aggression and hostility cannot be supported by historical evidence. In the case of Yanomamo, they have been rapidly enculturated into wester economies, missionaries and politics, and that their warfare and aggression is not so much innately human as it is the result of conflicts over land, political autonomy and competition over scarce, coveted, and unequally distributed Western manufactured goods. He claims that the total transformation of local society that occurred in the Orinoco basin lower the threshold of war,at which point conflicts more often turn violent. Ferguson insists that understanding warfare is possible only by comprehending the "threshold " through which society passes in deciding to engage in warfare. He claims that wars"occur when those who make the decision to fight estimate that it is in their material interests to do so. "Other emotional and personal--even psychological- motives may be involved in killing; but it is the material interests of a community, a village or a nation which motivates it toward aggr