tain information about friends neutrals. enemies. neighbours. co-workers. and relatives for instance. The spatio-temporal context describes aspects of the user context relating to the time and spatial extent for the user context. It can contain attributes like: time. location or direction Context-aware systems(agents)are computing systems(agents)that provide relevant services and information to users based on their situational conditions or contexts(Dey and Abwod, 1999). In( Schiaffino and Amandi, 2006), for example different types of assistance actions are executed by an agent depending on the task the user is carrying out and on the situation in which the user needs assis- tance. As regards users' emotions or mood, RoCo(Ahn and Picard, 2005)models different users'states, namely attentive, distracted, slumped, showing pleasure showing displeasure, and acts accordingly. Other examples of context-aware sys- tems based on the user location are various tourist guide projects where informa- tion is displayed depending on the current location of the user, such as(Y ang et al 1999) 2.8 Group Profiles In contrast to individual user profiles, group profiles aim at combining individual user profiles to model a group. Group profiles are vital in those domains where it is necessary to make recommendations to groups of users rather than to individual users. Examples of these domains are tourism recommendation systems, movie recommenders, and adaptive television. In the first type of application, we find INTRIGUE(Ardissono et al, 2002), which recommends places to visit for tourist groups taking into account characteristics of subgroups within that group(such as children and disabled). Similarly, CATS( Collaborative Advisory Travel System allows a group of users to simultaneously collaborate on choosing a sking holiday package which satisfies the group as a whole(McCarthy et al, 2006). Group user feedback is used to suggest products that satisfy the individual and the group As regards TV, in(Masthoff, 2004) the authors discuss different strategies for combining individual user profiles to adapt to groups in an adaptive television application. In(Yu et al, 2006)the authors propose a recommendation scheme that merges individual user profiles to form a common user profile, and then generates non recommendations according to the common user profile 3 Obtaining User Profiles To build a user profile, the information needed can be obtained explicitly, that is provided directly by the user, or implicitly, through the observation of the user's ctions. In this section we describe these alternativesIntelligent User Profiling 201 tain information about friends, neutrals, enemies, neighbours, co-workers, and relatives for instance. The spatio-temporal context describes aspects of the user context relating to the time and spatial extent for the user context. It can contain attributes like: time, location, or direction. Context-aware systems (agents) are computing systems (agents) that provide relevant services and information to users based on their situational conditions or contexts (Dey and Abwod, 1999). In (Schiaffino and Amandi, 2006), for example, different types of assistance actions are executed by an agent depending on the task the user is carrying out and on the situation in which the user needs assis￾tance. As regards users’ emotions or mood, RoCo (Ahn and Picard, 2005) models different users’ states, namely attentive, distracted, slumped, showing pleasure, showing displeasure, and acts accordingly. Other examples of context-aware sys￾tems based on the user location are various tourist guide projects where informa￾tion is displayed depending on the current location of the user, such as (Yang et al, 1999). 2.8 Group Profiles In contrast to individual user profiles, group profiles aim at combining individual user profiles to model a group. Group profiles are vital in those domains where it is necessary to make recommendations to groups of users rather than to individual users. Examples of these domains are tourism recommendation systems, movie recommenders, and adaptive television. In the first type of application, we find INTRIGUE (Ardissono et al, 2002), which recommends places to visit for tourist groups taking into account characteristics of subgroups within that group (such as children and disabled). Similarly, CATS (Collaborative Advisory Travel System) allows a group of users to simultaneously collaborate on choosing a skiing holiday package which satisfies the group as a whole (McCarthy et al, 2006). Group user feedback is used to suggest products that satisfy the individual and the group. As regards TV, in (Masthoff, 2004) the authors discuss different strategies for combining individual user profiles to adapt to groups in an adaptive television application. In (Yu et al, 2006) the authors propose a recommendation scheme that merges individual user profiles to form a common user profile, and then generates common recommendations according to the common user profile. 3 Obtaining User Profiles To build a user profile, the information needed can be obtained explicitly, that is provided directly by the user, or implicitly, through the observation of the user’s actions. In this section we describe these alternatives