14.2 Theories of motivation Learned helplessness and attribution training Learned helplessness can be avoided or alleviated by giving students opportunities for success in small steps, immediate feedback, and most important, consistent expectations and follow-through.14.2 Theories of motivation • Learned helplessness and attribution training • Learned helplessness can be avoided or alleviated by giving students opportunities for success in small steps, immediate feedback, and, most important, consistent expectations and follow-through