Anything that can be learned from direct experience can also be learned by indirect or vicarious experience

4.2.1 Ivan Petrovich Pavlov:Sep.14, 1849 – Feb.27, 1936 ＊Place of birth: Ryazan (Russia) ＊ Education: Studied medicine at St. Petersburg (Russia)

“If I had to reduce all educational psychology just one principle, I would say this: The most important single factor influencing learning is what the learner already knows. Ascertain this and teach him accordingly

华东师范大学：大学教学方法之我见（PPT讲稿，主讲：唐安国）

5.1 About GestaltPsychology The founder ofGestalt psychology: Max Wertheimer(1880-1943)

大连工业大学：优化学科和队伍结构、提升科研整体实力推动高质量发展（PPT讲稿）

海南卫生健康职业学院：高等职业教育质量年度报告（2022）

5.1 Edward Chace Tolman (1886-1959) Born in Newton,Massachusetts. Received his B.S.degree fromthe Mass.institutes of Technology inelectrochemistry in 1911

Instructional objectives: What does one learn in his learning, according to Tolman? What is the opinion of Tolman aboutreinforcement and reinforcementexpectancy?

一、教学媒体概述 同学们课堂自学本小节，并完成本小节测试题