醛、酮和醌的分子结构中都含有羰基(图.11.1), 总称为羰基化合物。羰基至少和一个氢原子结合的化 合物叫醛(-CHO又叫醛基,图11.2),羰基和两个烃基 结合的化合物叫酮。醌是一类不饱和环二酮,在分子 中含有两个双键和两个羰基。例如,图11.3 羰基是醛、酮的官能团

一、重要性和基本要求 由结构简单的基本有机原料→结构较复杂的目标化物 重要天然化合物的结构确认; 有机合成是一切有机研究的基础—合成样品,才有可能 进行各种研究;

物理量仅是时间的函数一常微分方程 普遍性、共性 物理量仅是时间和空间的函数一偏微分方程 必须考虑对象所处的“环境”—边界条件 求解具体问题 必须考虑对象所处的“历史”初始条件 边界条件和初始条件反应了具体问题的特定环境和历史,即问题 的特殊性、个性.在数学上,边界条件和初始条件合称定解条件 物理问题的共性一物理规律的数学表示:数学建模,通俗地讲, 就是把物理规律用数学语言“翻译”出,体现为物理量在时空中的变 化关系.这种关系通常是偏微分方程

一、饮食的质量 二、饮食的烹调 三、宜清淡

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The Honourable Lord Reed(1) Readers are reminded that this work is protected by copyright While they are free to use the ideas expressed in it, they may not copy, distribute or publish the work or part of it, in any form, printed electronic or otherwise, except for reasonable quoting clearly indicating the source. Readers are