杂环合成英文版pdf参考资料： Synthesis of aromatic heterocycles： 1. Introduction 2. Furans and benzofurans 3. Thiophenes and benzothiophenes 4. Pyrroles 5. Indoles, indolizines and carbazoles 6. Oxazoles, thiazoles and benzothiazoles 7. Isoxazoles, isothiazoles and fused analogues 8. Imidazoles and benzimidazoles 9. Pyrazoles and indazoles 10. Oxadiazoles and thiadiazoles 11. Triazoles, benzotriazoles and tetrazoles 12. Pyrones, coumarins and chromones 13. Pyridines 14. Quinolines and isoquinolines 15. Pyrimidines and quinazolines 16. Other diazines, triazines and tetrazines 17. References Recent developments in indole ring synthesis—methodology and applications 1 Introduction 2 Sigmatropic rearrangements 2.1 Fischer indole synthesis 2.1.1 Methodology 2.1.2 Applications 2.1.3 Mechanism 2.2 Gassman indole synthesis 2.3 Bartoli indole synthesis 2.4 Thyagarajan indole synthesis 2.5 Julia indole synthesis 2.6 Miscellaneous sigmatropic rearrangements 3 Nucleophilic cyclization 3.1 Madelung indole synthesis 3.2 Schmid indole synthesis 3.3 Wender indole synthesis 3.4 Couture indole synthesis 3.5 Smith indole synthesis 3.6 Kihara indole synthesis 3.7 Nenitzescu indole synthesis 3.8 Engler indole synthesis 3.9 Bailey–Liebeskind indole synthesis 3.10 Wright indoline synthesis 3.11 Saegusa indole synthesis 3.12 Miscellaneous nucleophilic cyclizations 4 Electrophilic cyclization 4.1 Bischler indole synthesis 4.2 Nordlander indole synthesis 4.3 Nitrene cyclization 4.3.1 Cadogan–Sundberg indole synthesis 4.3.2 Sundberg indole synthesis 4.3.3 Hemetsberger indole synthesis 4.4 Quéguiner azacarbazole synthesis 4.5 Iwao indole synthesis 4.6 Magnus indole synthesis 4.7 Feldman indole synthesis 4.8 Miscellaneous electrophilic cyclizations 5 Reductive cyclization 5.1 o,-Dinitrostyrene reductive cyclization 5.2 Reissert indole synthesis 5.3 Leimgruber–Batcho indole synthesis 5.4 Makosza indole synthesis 6 Oxidative cyclization 6.1 Watanabe indole synthesis 6.2 Knölker indole-carbazole synthesis 7 Radical cyclization 7.1 Tin-mediated cyclization 7.2 Samarium-mediated cyclization 7.3 Murphy indole-indoline synthesis 7.4 Miscellaneous radical cyclizations 8 Metal-catalyzed indole syntheses 8.1 Palladium 8.1.1 Hegedus–Mori–Heck indole synthesis 8.1.2 Yamanaka–Sakamoto indole synthesis 8.1.3 Larock indole synthesis 8.1.4 Buchwald indoline synthesis 8.1.5 Miscellaneous 8.2 Rhodium and ruthenium 8.3 Titanium 8.3.1 Fürstner indole synthesis 8.3.2 Miscellaneous 8.4 Zirconium 8.5 Copper 8.5.1 Castro indole synthesis 8.5.2 Miscellaneous 8.6 Chromium 8.7 Molybdenum 9 Cycloaddition and electrocyclization 9.1 Diels–Alder cycloaddition 9.2 Photocyclization 9.2.1 Chapman photocyclization 9.2.2 Miscellaneous photochemical reactions 9.3 Dipolar cycloaddition 9.4 Miscellaneous 10 Indoles from pyrroles 10.1 Electrophilic cyclization 10.1.1 Natsume indole synthesis 10.1.2 Miscellaneous 10.2 Palladium-catalyzed cyclization 10.3 Cycloaddition routes 10.3.1 From vinylpyrroles 10.3.2 From pyrrole-2,3-quinodimethanes 10.3.3 Miscellaneous 10.4 Radical cyclization 11 Aryne intermediates 11.1 Aryne Diels–Alder cycloaddition 11.2 Nucleophilic cyclization of arynes 12 Miscellaneous indole syntheses 12.1 Oxidation of indolines 12.2 From oxindoles, isatins and indoxyls 12.3 Miscellaneous 13 Acknowledgements 14 References
