Contents CHAPTER S SOME STRATEGIES TO REDUCE RISK From health risks to policy 101 What strategies can reduce risks to health? Risk reduction and behaviour Individual-based versus population approaches to risk reduction The role of government and legislation 105 Different ways of attaining the same goal Technical considerations for cost-effectiveness analysis Choosing interventions to reduce specific risks hildhood undernutrition 0 Childhood undernutrition (and breastfeeding 110 Iron deficiency 110 Vitamin a deficient Zinc deficiency 112 Other individual-based interventions ng on children under five of Combined interventions to reduce risks in children under five years of age Blood pressure and cholesterol 114 lood pressur Cholesterol Combining interventions to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events 116 Low fruit and Unsafe sex and HIVIAIDS Addictive substances Environmental risks Unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene Occupational risk facto Health practices 130 Unsafe health care injections Combining risk reduction strategies CHAPTER 6 STRENGTHENING RISK PREVENTION POLICIES Choosing priority strategies for risk prevention opulation-based interventions or high-risk individual targets? Distal or proximal risks to health? Primary or secondary prevention? 148 managing the risk prevention process Identifying priority risk factors for prevention Assessment and management of highly uncertain risks Ethical considerations in risk prevention Risk communications and the role of govemments strengthening the scientific evidence base Urgent need for international actionOverview v CHAPTER 5 SOME STRATEGIES TO REDUCE RISK 99 From health risks to policy 101 What strategies can reduce risks to health? 103 Risk reduction and behaviour 103 Individual-based versus population approaches to risk reduction 104 The role of government and legislation 105 Different ways of attaining the same goal 106 Technical considerations for cost-effectiveness analysis 106 Choosing interventions to reduce specific risks 108 Childhood undernutrition 109 Childhood undernutrition (and breastfeeding) 110 Iron deficiency 110 Vitamin A deficiency 111 Zinc deficiency 112 Other individual-based interventions focusing on children under five years of age 112 Combined interventions to reduce risks in children under five years of age 113 Blood pressure and cholesterol 114 Blood pressure 115 Cholesterol 116 Combining interventions to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events 116 Low fruit and vegetable intake 118 Sexual and reproductive health 118 Unsafe sex and HIV/AIDS 118 Addictive substances 123 Smoking 123 Environmental risks 127 Unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene 127 Occupational risk factors 129 Health practices 130 Unsafe health care injections 130 Combining risk reduction strategies 131 Policy implications 137 CHAPTER 6 STRENGTHENING RISK PREVENTION POLICIES 145 Choosing priority strategies for risk prevention 147 Population-based interventions or high-risk individual targets? 147 Distal or proximal risks to health? 148 Primary or secondary prevention? 148 Managing the risk prevention process 149 Identifying priority risk factors for prevention 150 Assessment and management of highly uncertain risks 151 Ethical considerations in risk prevention 153 Risk communications and the role of governments 154 Strengthening the scientific evidence base 155 Urgent need for international action 156 Contents