vi Contents 2.8 Purification of cellulose 76 2.9 Cellulose polymorphism 2.10 Chemical modification of cellulose 78 2.11 Preparation of nano-cellulose 79 2.12 Processing of cellulose 79 2.13 Applications of cellulose fibres 80 2.14 Conclusions 81 2.15 References 81 2.16 Appendix:abbreviations 83 3 Creating hierarchical structures in cellulosic fibre reinforced polymer composites for advanced performance 84 K.-Y.LEE and A.BISMARCK,University of Vienna,Austria and Imperial College London,UK 3.1 Introduction 84 3.2 Creating hierarchical structures in (ligno)cellulosic fibre reinforced composite materials 86 3.3 Surface microfibrillation of (ligno)cellulosic fibres 87 3.4 Creating hierarchical structures in renewable composites by incorporating microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) into the matrix 90 3.5 Coating of (ligno)cellulosic fibres with bacterial cellulose 91 3.6 Conclusions and future trends 99 3.7 Acknowledgements 100 3.8 References 100 4 Recycled polymers in natural fibre-reinforced polymer composites 103 M.A.AL-MAADEED and S.LABIDI,Qatar University,Qatar 4.1 Introduction 103 4.2 Fibre reinforcements in recycled composites 104 4.3 Processes for adding natural fibre reinforcements to composites 108 4.4 Improving the mechanical properties of recycled composites using natural fibre reinforcements 109 4.5 Applications of recycled polymer composites with natural fibre reinforcements 111 4.6 Conclusions and future trends 112 Woodhead Publishing Limited,2014vi Contents © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2014 2.8 Purifi cation of cellulose 76 2.9 Cellulose polymorphism 77 2.10 Chemical modifi cation of cellulose 78 2.11 Preparation of nano-cellulose 79 2.12 Processing of cellulose 79 2.13 Applications of cellulose fi bres 80 2.14 Conclusions 81 2.15 References 81 2.16 Appendix: abbreviations 83 3 Creating hierarchical structures in cellulosic fi bre reinforced polymer composites for advanced performance 84 K.-Y. Lee and A. Bismarck, University of Vienna, Austria and Imperial College London, UK 3.1 Introduction 84 3.2 Creating hierarchical structures in (ligno)cellulosic fi bre reinforced composite materials 86 3.3 Surface microfi brillation of (ligno)cellulosic fi bres 87 3.4 Creating hierarchical structures in renewable composites by incorporating microfi brillated cellulose (MFC) into the matrix 90 3.5 Coating of (ligno)cellulosic fi bres with bacterial cellulose 91 3.6 Conclusions and future trends 99 3.7 Acknowledgements 100 3.8 References 100 4 Recycled polymers in natural fi bre-reinforced polymer composites 103 M. A. Al-Maadeed and S. Labidi, Qatar University, Qatar 4.1 Introduction 103 4.2 Fibre reinforcements in recycled composites 104 4.3 Processes for adding natural fi bre reinforcements to composites 108 4.4 Improving the mechanical properties of recycled composites using natural fi bre reinforcements 109 4.5 Applications of recycled polymer composites with natural fi bre reinforcements 111 4.6 Conclusions and future trends 112