以下主要是罗马： Barrow,R.H.,The Romans,Pelican Books Series,Harmondsworth,Middlesex,1949 Ugo Paoli,Rome:Its People,Life and Customs,New York,1958 Hades,Moses,A History of Rome:from its origins to A.D.529,as told by the Roman historians.Bell.London.1958 Daniel P.Mannix,Those About to Die New York:Ballantine Bks.,1958 Grant,Michael,Greece and Rome:the birth of Western civilization,Thames and Hudson,London.1964 Michael.Grant,Gladiators,New York:Barnes and Noble,1967. A.Cameron,Bread and Circuses:The Roman and His People,Oxford U.P.,1974. B.Vickers,Michael J,The Roman World,Elsevier-Phaidon(Oxford),1977 Hammond,N,G,L,Atlas of the Greek and Roman World in antiquity,Bristol Classical Press,1992,c1981. Cornell,Tim,Atlas of the Roman World,Facts on File,New York.c1982 Keith Hopkins,Death and Renewal,Cambridge University Press,1983 Keith Hopkins,"Murderous Games,"in Death and Renewal:Sociological Studies in Roman History,vol.2 Cambridge University Press,1983 ]pp.1-30.. Alfoldy,Geza,The Social history of Rome,Croom Helm,(Beckenham,Kent).1985 Kyle,D.G.,Spectacles of Death in Ancient Rome,Routledge,1988 MacMullen,Ramsay,Changes in the Roman Empire:essays in the ordinary, Princeton University Press,c1990. Boarddman,John,The Oxford history of the Roman World,Oxford University Press, 1991 Robinson,O.F,Ancient Rome:city planning and administration,London,Routledge. 1992 Carlin.A.Barton,The Sorrows of the Ancient Romans:The Gladiator and the Monster,by Princeton University Press 1993. Barton,Carlin,The Sorrows of the Ancient Romans:The Gladiator and the Monster .Princeton 1993 Roland Auguet,Cruelty and Civilization the Roman Games,London New York:Routledge,1994. Thomas Wiedmann,Emperors and Gladiators,London New York,1995. Plass,Paul,The Game of death in ancient Rome:Arena Sport and Political Suicide Madison,The University of Wisconsin Pres,1995. Roger Dunkle,Roman Gladiatorial Games:. Paul Plass,The Game of Death in Ancient Rome:Arena Sport and Political Suicide Madison:Univ.of Wisconsin Pr.,1995. Nipple,W.,Public Order in Ancient Rome,Cambridge .U.P.,1995 Ferdinand Lot,The end of the Ancient World,[The History of Civilization],by以下主要是罗马： Barrow,R.H., The Romans, Pelican Books Series, Harmondsworth, Middlesex,1949 Ugo Paoli， Rome：Its People，Life and Customs, New York,1958. Hades,Moses, A History of Rome: from its origins to A.D.529,as told by the Roman historians,Bell, London.1958 Daniel P. Mannix，Those About to Die ，New York: Ballantine Bks., 1958 Grant,Michael, Greece and Rome: the birth of Western civilization, Thames and Hudson,London.1964 Michael.Grant, Gladiators，New York: Barnes and Noble, 1967. A. Cameron，Bread and Circuses：The Roman and His People，Oxford U.P.，1974 . B. Vickers,Michael J, The Roman World, Elsevier-Phaidon(Oxford),1977. Hammond,N,G,L, Atlas of the Greek and Roman World in antiquity, Bristol Classical Press,1992,c1981. Cornell,Tim, Atlas of the Roman World, Facts on File,New York.c1982 Keith Hopkins，Death and Renewal，Cambridge University Press，1983. Keith Hopkins，“Murderous Games,”in Death and Renewal：Sociological Studies in Roman History，vol.2【Cambridge University Press，1983】，pp.1－30. . Alföldy,Géza, The Social history of Rome, Croom Helm, (Beckenham,Kent). 1985 Kyle，D.G.，Spectacles of Death in Ancient Rome，Routledge，1988 MacMullen,Ramsay, Changes in the Roman Empire: essays in the ordinary, Princeton University Press,c1990 . Boarddman,John, The Oxford history of the Roman World, Oxford University Press, 1991 Robinson,O.F, Ancient Rome: city planning and administration, London,Routledge. 1992 Carlin.A.Barton, The Sorrows of the Ancient Romans: The Gladiator and the Monster, by Princeton University Press ，1993. Barton, Carlin, The Sorrows of the Ancient Romans: The Gladiator and the Monster .Princeton 1993 Roland Auguet，Cruelty and Civilization：the Roman Games，London & New York:Routledge，1994. Thomas Wiedmann，Emperors and Gladiators， London & New York，1995. Plass, Paul, The Game of death in ancient Rome: Arena Sport and Political Suicide .Madison,The University of Wisconsin Pres,1995. Roger Dunkle，Roman Gladiatorial Games；. Paul Plass，The Game of Death in Ancient Rome: Arena Sport and Political Suicide Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Pr., 1995. Nipple，W.，Public Order in Ancient Rome，Cambridge .U.P.，1995 Ferdinand Lot, The end of the Ancient World, [The History of Civilization], by