有效率的配置 市场均衡是有效率的 Efficient Allocate Market Equilibrium is Efficient 评价/成本( 评价/成本( 卖着成本曲线 买者的 实者的 有效率分 需求曲线 买者评价曲线 =买者评价曲线 Quantity ue to buyers is greater 关于市场运行结果的三大结论 Three Insights Concerning 无效率与贸易 Market Outcomes Inefficiency and trade ◆自由市场把物品的供给分配给对这些物品评价最高 Free markets allocate the supply of goods to the ◆如果一种配置是无效率的,那么, buyers who value them most highly 部、买者和卖者之间的贸易好 ◆自由市场把物品的需求分配给可以以最低成本生产 这些物品的卖者 If an allocation is not efficient, then some of the Free markets allocate the demand for goods to the gains from trade among buyers and sellers are sellers who can produce them at least cost. not being realized. ◆自由市场的总生产量使消费者和生产者剩余最大化 ◆市场配置是有效率的,因为它实现了所颁贸 Free markets produce the quantity of goods that 易好处 maximizes the sum of consumer and producer 市场的有效率性 效率与平等 The Efficiency of the Market Efficiency and Equity 因为市场均衡时的资源配置是有效率的,社会计划者可 除了效率之外,社会计划者也会关心 让市场自己找出结果 平等一一在不同的买者和卖者之间福 Because the equilibrium outcome is an efficient allocation of resources, the social planner can leave the market outcome 利分配的公平性。 as he/she finds it In addition to market efficiency, a ◆这种完全放开的政策可以用法语自由越在来袭述 ne goes by the French social planner might also care about xpression laissez faire equity-the fairness of the distribution ◆亚当·斯密:市场是只看不见的手 of well-being among the various ◆原理之六:市场還常是组织经济活动的好方式 buyers and sellers7 37 评价/成本($) 0 数量 Quantity 有效率数量 Efficient quantity 卖者成本曲线 买者评价曲线 卖者的 成本 Cost to sellers 买者的 评价 Value to buyers 买者的 评价 Value to buyers 卖者的 成本 Cost to sellers 买者的评价大于卖者的成本 Value to buyers is greater than cost to sellers. 卖者的评价小于卖者的成本 Value to buyers is less than cost to sellers. 有效率的配置 Efficient Allocation 38 评价/成本($) 0 数量 Quantity 均衡数量 ＝有效率数量 供给曲线 ＝卖者成本曲线 需求曲线 ＝买者评价曲线 市场均衡是有效率的 Market Equilibrium is Efficient 均衡分配 ＝有效率分配 39 关于市场运行结果的三大结论 Three Insights Concerning Market Outcomes ‹自由市场把物品的供给分配给对这些物品评价最高 的买者。 Free markets allocate the supply of goods to the buyers who value them most highly. ‹自由市场把物品的需求分配给可以以最低成本生产 这些物品的卖者。 Free markets allocate the demand for goods to the sellers who can produce them at least cost. ‹自由市场的总生产量使消费者和生产者剩余最大化 Free markets produce the quantity of goods that maximizes the sum of consumer and producer surplus. 40 无效率与贸易 Inefficiency and Trade ‹如果一种配置是无效率的，那么，买者或卖者 内部、买者和卖者之间的贸易好处就还没有完 全实现。 If an allocation is not efficient, then some of the gains from trade among buyers and sellers are not being realized. ‹市场配置是有效率的，因为它实现了所有的贸 易好处。 41 市场的有效率性 The Efficiency of the Market ‹因为市场均衡时的资源配置是有效率的，社会计划者可 以让市场自己找出结果。 Because the equilibrium outcome is an efficient allocation of resources, the social planner can leave the market outcome as he/she finds it. ‹这种完全放开的政策可以用法语自由放任来表述。 This policy of leaving well enough alone goes by the French expression laissez faire. ‹亚当•斯密：市场是只看不见的手 ‹原理之六：市场通常是组织经济活动的好方式 42 效率与平等 Efficiency and Equity 除了效率之外，社会计划者也会关心 平等－－在不同的买者和卖者之间福 利分配的公平性。 In addition to market efficiency, a social planner might also care about equity – the fairness of the distribution of well-being among the various buyers and sellers