of Orange had been proclaimed William Ill, king of England, Scotland, and Ireland in 1689. To prevent James from regaining the throne, William led an army of about 35.000 men to Ireland and defeated James. As a result. James returned to exile in France. The Protestant order of Orangemen was established in Ireland in 1795. It was named after William of Orange. Then his victory on the Boyne was commemorated nnually in Northern Ireland 3. Scotland-Halloween Halloween is the holiday observed on the evening of October 31 in most areas of North America and in some areas of Western Europe. The holiday is symbolically associated with death and the supernatural. halloween falls on the eve of All Saints Day, a holy day in the roman Catholic and Anglican churches Originally, All Saints'Day was a pagan festival of the dead. It was established by the Catholic Church in the 9th century to honor Christian saints. All Souls Day, a holy day established by the Catholic Church in the 10th century, is also closely linked to Halloween. All Souls'Day, on November 2, is observed to help purify the spirits of the dead Most Halloween festivities are based on folk beliefs concerning supernatural sp associated with supernatural beings such as witches, werewolves (RA), and ghosts Images thought to symbolize bad omens (E yE)such as black cats, bats, and spiders-are also commonly featured in Halloween decorations Dressing in costume is one of the most popular Halloween customs, especially among children. Trad itional costumes usually represent witches, ghosts, and other supernatural beings. However, costumes inspired by contemporary popular culture such as politicians or movie characters, have become increasingly common in recent years. Adults often favor costumes with satirical or humorous overtones(弦外之音) Trick-or-treating is another Halloween tradition, in which costumed children go from house to house asking for candy or treats (i) from their neighbors. According to this custom, children greet each homeowner with the cry"Trick or Treat, suggesting that some sort of prank (U fRLl)will be played unless treats are prov ided Since the early 20th century, however, the threat of tricks has been largely ceremonial Beginning in the 1970s, the practice of trick-or-treating went into a sharp decline after unsubstantiated rumors spread about homeowners distributing poisoned Halloween candy to children. Many parents also became concerned about their children wandering through the neighborhood after dark. Today, many parents accompany children when they go trick-or-treating 66 of Orange had been proclaimed William III, king of England, Scotland, and Ireland in 1689. To prevent James from regaining the throne, William led an army of about 35,000 men to Ireland and defeated James. As a result, James returned to exile in France. The Protestant order of Orangemen was established in Ireland in 1795. It was named after William of Orange. Then his victory on the Boyne was commemorated annually in Northern Ireland. 3. Scotland—Halloween Halloween is the holiday observed on the evening of October 31 in most areas of North America and in some areas of Western Europe. The holiday is symbolically associated with death and the supernatural. Halloween falls on the eve of All Saints’ Day, a holy day in the Roman Catholic and Anglican churches. Originally, All Saints’ Day was a pagan festival of the dead. It was established by the Catholic Church in the 9th century to honor Christian saints. All Souls’ Day, a holy day established by the Catholic Church in the 10th century, is also closely linked to Halloween. All Souls’ Day, on November 2, is observed to help purify the spirits of the dead. Most Halloween festivities are based on folk beliefs concerning supernatural forces and spirits of the dead. Halloween decorations typically feature imagery associated with supernatural beings such as witches, werewolves (狼人), and ghosts. Images thought to symbolize bad omens (征兆)—such as black cats, bats, and spiders—are also commonly featured in Halloween decorations. Dressing in costume is one of the most popular Halloween customs, especially among children. Traditional costumes usually represent witches, ghosts, and other supernatural beings. However, costumes inspired by contemporary popular culture, such as politicians or movie characters, have become increasingly common in recent years. Adults often favor costumes with satirical or humorous overtones (弦外之音). Trick-or-treating is another Halloween tradition, in which costumed children go from house to house asking for candy or treats (款待) from their neighbors. According to this custom, children greet each homeowner with the cry “Trick or Treat,” suggesting that some sort of prank (恶作剧) will be played unless treats are provided. Since the early 20th century, however, the threat of tricks has been largely ceremonial. Beginning in the 1970s, the practice of trick-or-treating went into a sharp decline after unsubstantiated rumors spread about homeowners distributing poisoned Halloween candy to children. Many parents also became concerned about their children wandering through the neighborhood after dark. Today, many parents accompany children when they go trick-or-treating