persecuted puritans and Catholics. He left most government business in the hand of his favorites. Because of his rad ical actions, the English public soon grew to resent his despotism, and class contradictions became tense in all respects But on the other hand, James I was quite learned and full of vigor. He managed to continue his reign with little help from parliament until his death in 1625 When Charles I. the son of james I. took the crown in 1625. he went even farther than his father. (1) In order to strengthen his rule, he put most government business in the hands of his favorites. (2) He tried to impose taxes and collect more money from people, showing no respect for parliament's proposals (3) He killed many people who were against him. Charles I rule of the time was very cruel. In order to control the church, (4) he chose William Laud, who had Catholic sympathies, as his archbishop because his wife was a Catholic. As a result, thousands of Protestants were persecuted and many of them were forced to leave the country Because of his cruelty, people were against him. Parliament refused to give the king money and tried to make Charles I follow their wishes by keeping him short of money. Charles I was forced to get money by increasing custom duties. Yet, the House of Commons said that this was illegal. Parliament passed"the Petition of Right", forbidd ing the king to ask for money in any form without consent of parliament. Thus, the quarrels grew worse than ever between the king and parliament From 1629 to 1640, Charles I dismissed the parliament twice. Then in augus 1642, Civil War began between the parliament and the King. The kings supporters came mainly from the west and north most of them were Catholics and feudal lords They were called by their enemies"Cavaliers", which means "proud, upper-class On the other hand, the supporters of parliament were mostly Londoners and the people in the southeast of England. Because the common people of London kept their hair very short, they were called"Roundheads As a result of the civil war, the parliament led by Oliver Cromwell defeated the Kings army in 1649. Charles I was captured and sentenced to death as a traitor, tyrant murderer and enemy of the country. Then he was beheaded in front of his palace of Whitehall, London on January 30, 1649, and was buried at Windsor beside Henry VIII 2. Northern Ireland-the battle of the boyne The Battle of the Boyne is an important engagement of the Glorious Revolution England (1688-1689 ). It was fought on the banks of the boyne River in Ireland on July 12, 1690. The battle was waged between troops of the exiled James Il, former king of England, and the forces of the Netherlands ruler Will iam of Orange. William5 persecuted puritans and Catholics. He left most government business in the hand of his favorites. Because of his radical actions, the English public soon grew to resent his despotism, and class contradictions became tense in all respects. But on the other hand, James I was quite learned and full of vigor. He managed to continue his reign with little help from parliament until his death in 1625. When Charles I, the son of James I, took the crown in 1625, he went even farther than his father. (1) In order to strengthen his rule, he put most government business in the hands of his favorites. (2) He tried to impose taxes and collect more money from people, showing no respect for parliament’s proposals. (3) He killed many people who were against him. Charles I rule of the time was very cruel. In order to control the church, (4) he chose William Laud, who had Catholic sympathies, as his archbishop, because his wife was a Catholic. As a result, thousands of Protestants were persecuted, and many of them were forced to leave the country. Because of his cruelty, people were against him. Parliament refused to give the king money and tried to make Charles I follow their wishes by keeping him short of money. Charles I was forced to get money by increasing custom duties. Yet, the House of Commons said that this was illegal. Parliament passed “the Petition of Right”, forbidding the king to ask for money in any form without consent of parliament. Thus, the quarrels grew worse than ever between the king and parliament. From 1629 to 1640, Charles I dismissed the parliament twice. Then in August, 1642, Civil War began between the parliament and the King. The king’s supporters came mainly from the west and north. Most of them were Catholics and feudal lords. They were called by their enemies “Cavaliers”, which means “proud, upper-class horseman”. On the other hand, the supporters of parliament were mostly Londoners and the people in the southeast of England. Because the common people of London kept their hair very short, they were called “Roundheads”. As a result of the civil war, the parliament led by Oliver Cromwell defeated the King’s army in 1649. Charles I was captured and sentenced to death as a traitor, tyrant, murderer and enemy of the country. Then he was beheaded in front of his palace of Whitehall, London on January 30, 1649, and was buried at Windsor beside Henry VIII. 2. Northern Ireland—the Battle of the Boyne The Battle of the Boyne is an important engagement of the Glorious Revolution in England (1688-1689). It was fought on the banks of the Boyne River in Ireland on July 12, 1690. The battle was waged between troops of the exiled James II, former king of England, and the forces of the Netherlands ruler William of Orange. William