总结 总结 Summary Summary ◆生产者剩余衡量卖者参与市场的收益。 ◆使消费者与生产者剩余的总和最大化的 Producer surplus measures the benefit 资源配置被称为是有效率的资源配置。 sellers get from participating in a market. An allocation of resourees that maximizes ◆生产者剩余可以通过找出价格以下和供给 the sum of consumer and producer 曲线以上的面积来计算 surplus is said to be efficient. Producer surplus can be computed by ◆政策制定者通常关心经济的效率问题, finding the area below the price and above 但同时也关心平等问题。 the supply curve. Policymakers are often concerned with the efficiency, as well as the equity, of economic outcomes 总结 Summary ◆供给与需求的均衡最大化消费者与生产者剩余之和 um of consumer and producer surplus. 草意亚只看不见的手在指引买者和卖者在有效 This is as if the invisible hand of the marketplace leads buyers and sellers to allocate resources efficiently ◆当有市场势力和外部性时,市场不能有效率地配置资 Markets do not allocate resources efficiently in the presence of market power or externalities9 49 总结 Summary ‹生产者剩余衡量卖者参与市场的收益。 Producer surplus measures the benefit sellers get from participating in a market. ‹生产者剩余可以通过找出价格以下和供给 曲线以上的面积来计算。 Producer surplus can be computed by finding the area below the price and above the supply curve. 50 总结 Summary ‹使消费者与生产者剩余的总和最大化的 资源配置被称为是有效率的资源配置。 An allocation of resources that maximizes the sum of consumer and producer surplus is said to be efficient. ‹政策制定者通常关心经济的效率问题， 但同时也关心平等问题。 Policymakers are often concerned with the efficiency, as well as the equity, of economic outcomes. 51 总结 Summary ‹供给与需求的均衡最大化消费者与生产者剩余之和。 The equilibrium of demand and supply maximizes the sum of consumer and producer surplus. ‹就好象市场这只看不见的手在指引买者和卖者在有效 率地配置资源。 This is as if the invisible hand of the marketplace leads buyers and sellers to allocate resources efficiently. ‹当有市场势力和外部性时，市场不能有效率地配置资 源。 Markets do not allocate resources efficiently in the presence of market power or externalities