8, The fact that the market does not allocate resources perfectly does not necessarily mean the government can do better. Each case must be evaluated on its own merits. 市场不能完全配置资源,不一定就意味着政府能做得更好、具体情况要具体分析 9, Welfare economics is based on an individualistic social philosophy. It does not pay much attention to the processes used to achieve results. Thus, although it provides a coherent and useful framework for analyzing policy, welfare economics is not universally accepted 福利经济学的基础是个人主义的社会哲学,对取得结果的过程并不太在意。因此,尽管福利经济学为 政策分析提供了一个系统而有用的框架,但还是有些争议 Chapter4 Public Goods Summary摘要391035李鑫03391030鞠艳双 1, Public goods are characterized by nonrivalness and nonexcludability in consumption. 公共产品的特征是消费的非竞争性和非排他性。 2, Thus, each person consumes the same amount, but not necessarily the preferred amount, of the public good.因此,每个人都消费同样数量的公共产品,但并不一定是其所偏好的数量 3, Efficient provision of public goods requires that the sum of the individual MRSS equal the MRT, unlike private goods where each MRS equals the mrt 公共产品的有效提供要求个人的边际替代率之和等于边际转换率,而不像私人产品, 私人产品的有效提供要求个人的边际替代率等于边际转换率 4, Market mechanisms are unlikely to provide nonrival goods efficiently, even if they are excludable 市场机制不可能有效地提供在消费上具有非竞争性的产品,即使它们在消费上具有非排他性 5, Casual observation and laboratory studies indicate that people do not fully exploit free riding possibilities.随机观察和实验室研究显示,人们并没有充分地利用免费搭便车的机会 6, Nonetheless, in certain cases, free riding is a significant problem 然而,在某些特定的情况下,免费搭车行为会是一个很严重的问题。 7, Public goods can be provided privately, and private goods can be provided publicly 公共产品可以由私人提供,私人产品也可以由公共提供 8, Even in cases where public provision of a good is selected, a choice between public and private production must be made. 即使在某种物品由公共提供的情况下,还是要在公共生产和私人生产之间做出选择。 9, A key factor in determining whether public or private production will be more efficient is the market environment.决定是由公共生产还是私人生产更有效率的关键因素是市场环境 10, Another important question is the extent to which complete contracts can be written with private sector service providers. 另一个重要的问题是,与私人部门服务的提供者签订合同的完备程度 11, Although education is generally publicly provided, it is not clear that education is a public good 尽管教育通常是由公共提供的,但是,教育是否是公共产品尚不清楚 12, Moreover, statistical research suggests that the link between spending and educational outcomes is tenuous.而且,统计研究表明,支出和教育结果之间的关系是相当含糊的 13, Although general increases in educational expenditure to reduce classroom size seem unlikely to4 8，The fact that the market does not allocate resources perfectly does not necessarily mean the government can do better. Each case must be evaluated on its own merits. 市场不能完全配置资源，不一定就意味着政府能做得更好、具体情况要具体分析。 9，Welfare economics is based on an individualistic social philosophy. It does not pay much attention to the processes used to achieve results. Thus, although it provides a coherent and useful framework for analyzing policy, welfare economics is not universally accepted. 福利经济学的基础是个人主义的社会哲学，对取得结果的过程并不太在意。因此，尽管福利经济学为 政策分析提供了一个系统而有用的框架，但还是有些争议。 Chapter 4 Public Goods Summary 摘要 03391035 李 鑫 03391030 鞠艳双 1，Public goods are characterized by nonrivalness and nonexcludability in consumption. 公共产品的特征是消费的非竞争性和非排他性。 2，Thus, each person consumes the same amount, but not necessarily the preferred amount, of the public good. 因此，每个人都消费同样数量的公共产品，但并不一定是其所偏好的数量。 3，Efficient provision of public goods requires that the sum of the individual MRSs equal the MRT, unlike private goods where each MRS equals the MRT. 公共产品的有效提供要求个人的边际替代率之和等于边际转换率，而不像私人产品， 私人产品的有效提供要求个人的边际替代率等于边际转换率。 4，Market mechanisms are unlikely to provide nonrival goods efficiently, even if they are excludable. 市场机制不可能有效地提供在消费上具有非竞争性的产品，即使它们在消费上具有非排他性。 5，Casual observation and laboratory studies indicate that people do not fully exploit free riding possibilities. 随机观察和实验室研究显示，人们并没有充分地利用免费搭便车的机会。 6，Nonetheless, in certain cases, free riding is a significant problem 然而，在某些特定的情况下，免费搭车行为会是一个很严重的问题。 7，Public goods can be provided privately, and private goods can be provided publicly 公共产品可以由私人提供，私人产品也可以由公共提供。 8，Even in cases where public provision of a good is selected, a choice between public and private production must be made. 即使在某种物品由公共提供的情况下，还是要在公共生产和私人生产之间做出选择。 9，Akey factor in determining whether public or private production will be more efficient is the market environment. 决定是由公共生产还是私人生产更有效率的关键因素是市场环境。 10，Another important question is the extent to which complete contracts can be written With private sector service providers. 另一个重要的问题是，与私人部门服务的提供者签订合同的完备程度。 11，Although education is generally publicly provided, it is not clear that education is a public good. 尽管教育通常是由公共提供的，但是，教育是否是公共产品尚不清楚。 12，Moreover, statistical research suggests that the link between spending and educational outcomes is tenuous. 而且，统计研究表明，支出和教育结果之间的关系是相当含糊的。 13，Although general increases in educational expenditure to reduce classroom size seem unlikely to