The World Health Report 2002 Figure 4.7 Burden of disease attributable to selected environmental risk factors DALYs in each subregion) Figure 4.8 Amount and patterns of burden of disease in developing and developed countries Figure 4.9 Global distribution of burden of disease attributable to 20 leading selected risk factors Figure 4.10 Burden of disease attributable to 10 selected leading risk factors, by level of development and type of affected outcom Figure 4.11 Disease and risk factor burder Figure 4.12 Estimated gain in healthy life expectancy with removal of 20 leading risk factors by subregion Figure 4.13 Attributable DALYs in 2000 and avoidable DALYs in 2010 and 2020 following a 25% risk factor reduction from 2000, for 10 leading selected risk factor Figure 5.1 Distributions of systolic blood pressure in middle-aged men in two populations Figure 5.2 Cost and effects of selected interventions in subregion AFR-D 132 Figure 5.3 Cost and effects of selected interventions in subregion AMR-B Figure 6.1 Case studies of distribution shifting and cardiovascular disease in Finland and Japan 148 Figure 6.2 Implementing risk prevention 149 OXES Box 1.1 Countries endorse the focus on risks to health 6 Box 2.1 What does risk mean? Box 2.2 Protective factors Box 2.3 Risks to health across the life course 15 Box 2.4 Population-wide strategies for prevention 16 Box 2.5 Multiple causes of disease Box 2.6 Estimating the combined effects of cardiovascular disease risk factors Box 3.1 Perceptions of risk by scientists and the general public Box 3.2 Mens sexual behaviour related to risk of HIV infection and pregnancy 35 Box 3.3 Framing risks to health: choosing presentations Box 3. 4 Perceptions of risk in Burkina Fas Box 3.5 The Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy(BSE) Inquiry, United Kingde Box 3. 6 Strategies for fuelling public controversy 40 Box 3.7 Junking science to promote tobacco 41 Box 4.1 Environmental tobacco smoke ox 4.2 Housing and health Box 4.3 Road traffic Box 4. 4 Sharps injuries among health care workers 74 Box 4.5 Coronary heart disease and work-related stress 75 Box 4.6 Risk factors for tuberculosis 4.7 Genetics and attributable and avoidable burde Box 4.8 Risks in the health care system Box 4.9 Violence 80 Box 4 10 Healthy risk factor transition 88 Box 5.1 Methods for cost-effectiveness analysis Box 5.2 Integrated Management of Childhood Ilness: interventions that interact 114 Box 5.3 Cost-effectiveness of a national nutrition campaign 118 Box 5.4 Reducing injuries from motor-vehicle accidents 130 ox 5.5 Cost-effectiveness of interventions to reduce occupational back pain 131 Box 6.1 Contrasting views of the role of the precautionary principle within Box 6. 2 Important lessons for governments on developing better risk communications 154 Box 6.3 Examples of successful international concerted action 57viii The World Health Report 2002 Figure 4.7 Burden of disease attributable to selected environmental risk factors (% DALYs in each subregion) 69 Figure 4.8 Amount and patterns of burden of disease in developing and developed countries 81 Figure 4.9 Global distribution of burden of disease attributable to 20 leading selected risk factors 82 Figure 4.10 Burden of disease attributable to 10 selected leading risk factors, by level of development and type of affected outcome 83 Figure 4.11 Disease and risk factor burden 89 Figure 4.12 Estimated gain in healthy life expectancy with removal of 20 leading risk factors by subregion 90 Figure 4.13 Attributable DALYs in 2000 and avoidable DALYs in 2010 and 2020 following a 25% risk factor reduction from 2000, for 10 leading selected risk factors 91 Figure 5.1 Distributions of systolic blood pressure in middle-aged men in two populations 105 Figure 5.2 Cost and effects of selected interventions in subregion AFR-D 132 Figure 5.3 Cost and effects of selected interventions in subregion AMR-B 138 Figure 6.1 Case studies of distribution shifting and cardiovascular disease in Finland and Japan 148 Figure 6.2 Implementing risk prevention 149 BOXES Box 1.1 Countries endorse the focus on risks to health 6 Box 2.1 What does risk mean? 11 Box 2.2 Protective factors 13 Box 2.3 Risks to health across the life course 15 Box 2.4 Population-wide strategies for prevention 16 Box 2.5 Multiple causes of disease 18 Box 2.6 Estimating the combined effects of cardiovascular disease risk factors 24 Box 3.1 Perceptions of risk by scientists and the general public 31 Box 3.2 Men’s sexual behaviour related to risk of HIV infection and pregnancy 35 Box 3.3 Framing risks to health: choosing presentations 36 Box 3.4 Perceptions of risk in Burkina Faso 38 Box 3.5 The Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Inquiry, United Kingdom 40 Box 3.6 Strategies for fuelling public controversy 40 Box 3.7 Junking science to promote tobacco 41 Box 4.1 Environmental tobacco smoke 66 Box 4.2 Housing and health 70 Box 4.3 Road traffic injuries 72 Box 4.4 Sharps injuries among health care workers 74 Box 4.5 Coronary heart disease and work-related stress 75 Box 4.6 Risk factors for tuberculosis 77 Box 4.7 Genetics and attributable and avoidable burden 78 Box 4.8 Risks in the health care system 79 Box 4.9 Violence 80 Box 4.10 Healthy risk factor transition 88 Box 5.1 Methods for cost-effectiveness analysis 107 Box 5.2 Integrated Management of Childhood Illness: interventions that interact 114 Box 5.3 Cost-effectiveness of a national nutrition campaign 118 Box 5.4 Reducing injuries from motor-vehicle accidents 130 Box 5.5 Cost-effectiveness of interventions to reduce occupational back pain 131 Box 6.1 Contrasting views of the role of the precautionary principle within different world views of regulation 151 Box 6.2 Important lessons for governments on developing better risk communications 154 Box 6.3 Examples of successful international concerted action 157