Contents LIST OF MEMBER STATES BY WHO REGION AND MORTALITY STRATUM 233 ACKNOWLEdgEmENtS 236 239 TAbLES Table 4.1 Population impact fractions by subregion for counterfactual of population moving from living on US$ 2 per day to USS 2 per day 51 Table 4.2 Selected major risks to health: childhood and maternal undernutrition Table 4.3 Selected major risks to health: other diet-related factors and physical inactivity 57 Table 4.4 Selected major risks to health: sexual and reproductive health Table 4.5 Selected major risks to health: addictive substances Table 4.6 Selected major risks to health: environmental factors Table 4.7 Selected major risks to health: occupational hazards Table 4. 8 Selected other risks to health Table 4.10 Attributable DALYs by risk factor, level of development and sex 20 Table 4.9 Attributable mortality by risk factor, level of development and sex, 200 Table 4.11 Ranking of estimated attributable and avoidable burdens of 10 leading selected risk factors Table 5.1 Leading 10 selected risk factors as percentage causes of disease burden measured in dAlys Table 5.2 Time gains from improved access to water and sanitation in subregions AFR-D and EMR-D Table 5.3 Cost-effective interventions FIGURES Figure 2.1 Example of distributional transitions for blood pressure and for tobacco smoking Figure 2.2 Causal chains of exposure leading to disease Figure 2.3 The importance of population distributions of exposure Figure 2.4 Attributable and avoidable burdens Figure 2.5 Key inputs for assessment of attributable and avoidable burdens Figure 2.6 Determination of attributable burden, taking account of prevalence ure 3.1 Hazards for dread and risk ure 4.1 Prevalence of moderate underweight in children by average daily household income(<USS 1, US$ 1-2 and >USS 2 per day), by subregion igure 4.2 Burden of disease attributable to childhood and maternal undemutrition ( DALYs in each subregion) Figure 4.3 Burden of disease attributable to diet-related risk factors and physical inactivity(% DALYs in each subregion) Figure 4.4 Nine examples of continuous associations between risks and disease Figure 4.5 Burden of disease attributable to sexual and reproductive health risks ( DALYs in each subregion) Figure 4.6 Burden of disease attributable to tobacco, alcohol and illicit drug ( DALYs in each subregiOverview vii LIST OF MEMBER STATES BY WHO REGION AND MORTALITY STRATUM 233 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 236 INDEX 239 TABLES Table 4.1 Population impact fractions by subregion for counterfactual scenario of population moving from living on < US$ 2 per day to > US$ 2 per day 51 Table 4.2 Selected major risks to health: childhood and maternal undernutrition 52 Table 4.3 Selected major risks to health: other diet-related factors and physical inactivity 57 Table 4.4 Selected major risks to health: sexual and reproductive health 62 Table 4.5 Selected major risks to health: addictive substances 64 Table 4.6 Selected major risks to health: environmental factors 67 Table 4.7 Selected major risks to health: occupational hazards 73 Table 4.8 Selected other risks to health 79 Table 4.9 Attributable mortality by risk factor, level of development and sex, 2000 86 Table 4.10 Attributable DALYs by risk factor, level of development and sex, 2000 87 Table 4.11 Ranking of estimated attributable and avoidable burdens of 10 leading selected risk factors 91 Table 5.1 Leading 10 selected risk factors as percentage causes of disease burden measured in DALYs 102 Table 5.2 Time gains from improved access to water and sanitation in subregions AFR-D and EMR-D 128 Table 5.3 Cost-effective interventions 134 FIGURES Figure 2.1 Example of distributional transitions for blood pressure and for tobacco smoking 12 Figure 2.2 Causal chains of exposure leading to disease 14 Figure 2.3 The importance of population distributions of exposure 17 Figure 2.4 Attributable and avoidable burdens 19 Figure 2.5 Key inputs for assessment of attributable and avoidable burdens 20 Figure 2.6 Determination of attributable burden, taking account of prevalence and relative risk 21 Figure 3.1 Hazards for dread and risk 33 Figure 4.1 Prevalence of moderate underweight in children by average daily household income (<US$ 1, US$ 1–2 and >US$ 2 per day), by subregion 50 Figure 4.2 Burden of disease attributable to childhood and maternal undernutrition (% DALYs in each subregion) 53 Figure 4.3 Burden of disease attributable to diet-related risk factors and physical inactivity (% DALYs in each subregion) 58 Figure 4.4 Nine examples of continuous associations between risks and disease 59 Figure 4.5 Burden of disease attributable to sexual and reproductive health risks (% DALYs in each subregion) 62 Figure 4.6 Burden of disease attributable to tobacco, alcohol and illicit drugs (% DALYs in each subregion) 65 Contents