790 RICHARD S.HOROWITZ Government Reform Commission.An edict appointed a commission made up of Zaize,Dai Hongci,Duanfang and Xu Shichang to visit Europe,Japan and the United States and report on their systems of government.Later a fifth commissioner,Shaoying was added."The Commission got off to a rough start.On September 24,as they waited for a special train to depart from the Zhengyangmen railway station in Beijing,a bomb carried by the anarchist Wu Yue exploded, wounding Zaize and Shaoying.12 The commission was delayed for three months,and Shaoying(still recovering)and Xu Shichang(now Minister for Police)were replaced by Li Shengduo and Shang Qiheng. The commission quickly decided to split into two groups:both went to Japan and the United States;one led by Duanfang and Dai Hongci went to twelve European countries (Austria,Belgium, Denmark,France,Germany,Holland,Hungary,Italy,Norway, Russia,Sweden,and Switzerland),with the longest periods of time spent in the United States and Germany.The group led by Zaize visited Japan,the United States,Great Britain,France,and Belgium. Both groups left in early December 1905,and returned to Shanghai the following July.Given the extended times spent traveling,these were whirlwind tours.In the end,there were really two distinct com- missions rather than just one.Each submitted reports in the form of palace memorials as their missions progressed,and each was granted an audience with the Empress Dowager upon its return.3 Back in China,they submitted additional reports.Dai Hongci and Duanfang edited a large collection of material on government in various foreign states,much of it translated documents.#They also compiled a second,shorter work,entitled The Essence of European and American Government(Ou Mei zhengzhiyaoyi)and published it in 1907. However different their itineraries,their recommendations were quite similar:both groups endorsed the issuing of a constitution.The Maienberger,24-5. Maienberger 26.For a first-hand account see Dai Hongci Chu shi jiu guo riji'in Zhong Shuhe (ed.),Zou xiang shijie congshu (Changsha,Hunan sheng xinhua shudian,1986),56g,and the official report by the commissioners OCLDS,1,2-3. Maienberger. #Dai Hongci and Duanfang (eds),Lieguo zhengrao(Shanghai,1907). Duanfang,Ou Mei Zhengzhi rai (Shanghai:1g07).This work is identified in most sources as the joint work of Dai Hongci and Duanfang,with its place of pub- lication being Beijing.The copy I have consulted from the UC-Berkeley Library (published in Shanghai in 1907)identifies Duanfang only as the compiler,although the names of both appear on the covering memorial printed as a preface.790 RICHARD S. HOROWITZ Government Reform Commission. An edict appointed a commission made up of Zaize, Dai Hongci, Duanfang and Xu Shichang to visit Europe, Japan and the United States and report on their systems of government. Later a fifth commissioner, Shaoying was added."4 The Commission got off to a rough start. On September 24, as they waited for a special train to depart from the Zhengyangmen railway station in Beijing, a bomb carried by the anarchist Wu Yue exploded, wounding Zaize and Shaoying." The commission was delayed for three months, and Shaoying (still recovering) and Xu Shichang (now Minister for Police) were replaced by Li Shengduo and Shang Qiheng. The commission quickly decided to split into two groups: both went to Japan and the United States; one led by Duanfang and Dai Hongci went to twelve European countries (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Holland, Hungary, Italy, Norway, Russia, Sweden, and Switzerland), with the longest periods of time spent in the United States and Germany. The group led by Zaize visited Japan, the United States, Great Britain, France, and Belgium. Both groups left in early December 1905, and returned to Shanghai the following July. Given the extended times spent traveling, these were whirlwind tours. In the end, there were really two distinct com￾missions rather than just one. Each submitted reports in the form of palace memorials as their missions progressed, and each was granted an audience with the Empress Dowager upon its return.43 Back in China, they submitted additional reports. Dai Hongci and Duanfang edited a large collection of material on government in various foreign states, much of it translated documents." They also compiled a second, shorter work, entitled The Essence of European and American Government(Ou Mei zhengzhiyaoyi) and published it in 19o7.45 However different their itineraries, their recommendations were quite similar: both groups endorsed the issuing of a constitution. The 4' Maienberger, 24-5. 42 Maienberger 26-7. For a first-hand account see Dai Hongci 'Chu shi jiu guo riji' in Zhong Shuhe (ed.), Zou xiang shijie congshu (Changsha, Hunan sheng xinhua shudian, 1986), 569, and the official report by the commissioners QCLDS, 1, 2-3. 4 Maienberger. " Dai Hongci and Duanfang (eds), Lieguo zhengyao (Shanghai, 1907). 4 Duanfang, Ou Mei Zhengzhiyaoyi (Shanghai: 1907). This work is identified in most sources as the joint work of Dai Hongci and Duanfang, with its place of pub￾lication being Beijing. The copy I have consulted from the UC-Berkeley Library (published in Shanghai in 1907) identifies Duanfang only as the compiler, although the names of both appear on the covering memorial printed as a preface