b)Use Aldrin has been manufactured commercially since 1950 and used throughout the world up to the early 1970s to control soil pests such as corn rootworm, wireworms, rice water weevil, and grasshoppers. It has also been used to protect wooden structures, plastic and rubber coverings of electrical and telecommunication cables(ATSDR, 2002; UNEP, 2002a). In 1966, aldrin use in the United States peaked at 8, 550,000 kg, but by 1970, use had decreased to 4, 720,000 kg. 8. n 1970, the U.S. Department of Agriculture cancelled all uses of aldrin and dieldrin due to the concern that these chemica ls could cause a severe environmental damage to aquatic ecosystems and their potentially carcinogenic properties. In early 1971, US EPA initiated the cancellation proceedings for aldrin and dieldrin, but did not order the suspension of aldrin and dieldrin use. In 1972, under the authority of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act as amended by the Federal Pesticide Control Act of 1972, an epa order lifted the cancellation of aldrin and dieldrin use in three cases Subsurface ground insertion for term ite control Dipping of nonfood plant roots and tops and Mothproofing in manufacturing processes using completely closed systems Most of the information on aldrin is also applicable for dieldrin 2. Chlordane (a) Description Technical chlordane is a viscous mixture of at least 23 different components, including chlo dane isomers, other hlorinated hydrocarbons, and by-products. The main constituents of technical chlordanes are trans-chlordane (gamma-chlordane)(share of about 25%), cis-chlordane(alpha-chlordane)(share of about 70%), heptachlor, trans-nonachlor, and cis-nonachlor(share less than 1 %) Heptachlor is one of the most active components of technicalchlordane Chlordane is a viscous, colourless or amber-coloured liquid with a chlorine -like odour Pure chlordane hasa melting point of 104C, is not soluble in water and stable in most organic solvents, including petroleum oils. It is unsta ble in the presence of weak alkalis (ATSDR, 1994; EXTOXNET, Holoubek, 2004; IPCS, no date; UNEP, 2002a; WHO-FAO, 1979). See annex I for examples of trade names b)Production Chlordane is produced by chlorinating cyclopentadiene to form hexachlorocyclopentadiene and condensing the latter with cyclopentadiene to form chlordene. The chlordene is further chlorinated at high temperature and pressure to chlordane(ATSDR, 2002; UNEP, 2003d 10. The raw materials for the manufacturing process are cyclopentadiene, hexachloro-cyclopentadiene and chlorine, or some chlorinating agent Chlordane is manufactured in a two-step reaction. In the first step hexachlorocyclopentadiene reacts with cyclopentadiene in a Diels-Alder reaction. The reaction is exothermic and proceeds readily at a temperature up to about 100C. The intermediate is called"chlordane".In the next step, chlorine is added to the unsubstituted double bond. Various chlorinated agents e.g sulphuryl chloride and catalysts, such as ferrochloride have been described to make addition dominant oversubstitution, but it is believed that only chlorine is used in actual practice(De Bruin, 1979) (c)Use 11. Chlordane, which was introduced on the market for the first time in 1945, is a broad-spectrum contact insecticide that had been employed on agricultural crops, on lawns and gardens. It has also extensively been used in the control of term ites, cockroaches, ants and other household pests (Fiedler, 2000; UNEP 2002a).In China, chlordane is still used asa termicide in buildings and dams. China has requested a specifi 200, ption for the use as a termicide according to Art.4 and Annex A of the Stockholm Convention(UNEP, In 1988. the commercial use of chlordane was cancelled in the United States. Between 1983 and 1988 the sole/core use for chlordane was to control subterranean termites. For this purpose, chlordane was applied primarily as a liquid that was poured or injected around the foundation of a building. Chlordane, in onjunction with heptachlor, was at one time widely used as a pesticide for the control of insects on various types of agricultural crops and vegetation. The use pattern for chlordane in the mid 1970s was as follows 35% used by pest control operators, mostly on termites; 28% on agricultural crops, including com and citrus, 30%for home lawn and garden use; and 7 on turf and ornamentals. In 1978, a final cancellation notice was issued which called for the suspension of the use of chlordane except for subsurface injection to control termites and for dipping roots and tops of nonfood plants. Minor use of chlordane for treating nonfood plants April2005 6[Document Number] April 2005 6 (b) Use 7. Aldrin has been manufactured commercially since 1950 and used throughout the world up to the early 1970s to control soil pests such as corn rootworm, wireworms, rice water weevil, and grasshoppers. It has also been used to protect wooden structures, plastic and rubber coverings of electrical and telecommunication cables (ATSDR, 2002; UNEP, 2002a). In 1966, aldrin use in the United States peaked at 8,550,000 kg, but by 1970, use had decreased to 4,720,000 kg. 8. In 1970, the U.S. Department of Agriculture cancelled all uses of aldrin and dieldrin due to the concern that these chemicals could cause a severe environmental damage to aquatic ecosystems and their potentially carcinogenic properties. In early 1971, US EPA initiated the cancellation proceedings for aldrin and dieldrin, but did not order the suspension of aldrin and dieldrin use. In 1972, under the authority of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act as amended by the Federal Pesticide Control Act of 1972, an EPA order lifted the cancellation of aldrin and dieldrin use in three cases: • Subsurface ground insertion for termite control; • Dipping of nonfood plant roots and tops; and • Mothproofing in manufacturing processes using completely closed systems. Most of the information on aldrin is also applicable for dieldrin. 2. Chlordane (a) Description Technical chlordane is a viscous mixture of at least 23 different components, including chlo rdane isomers, other chlorinated hydrocarbons, and by-products. The main constituents of technical chlordanes are trans-chlordane (gamma-chlordane) (share of about 25 %), cis-chlordane (alpha -chlordane) (share of about 70%), heptachlor, trans-nonachlor, and cis-nonachlor (share less than 1 %). Heptachlor is one of the most active components of technical chlordane. Chlordane is a viscous, colourless or amber-coloured liquid with a chlorine-like odour. Pure chlordane has a melting point of 104 °C, is not soluble in water and stable in most organic solvents, including petroleum oils. It is unstable in the presence of weak alkalis. (ATSDR, 1994; EXTOXNET, Holoubek, 2004; IPCS, no date; UNEP, 2002a; WHO-FAO, 1979). See annex I for examples of trade names. (b) Production 9. Chlordane is produced by chlorinating cyclopentadiene to form hexachlorocyclopentadiene and condensing the latter with cyclopentadiene to form chlordene. The chlordene is further chlorinated at high temperature and pressure to chlordane (ATSDR, 2002; UNEP, 2003d). 10. The raw materials for the manufacturing process are cyclopentadiene, hexachloro - cyclopentadiene and chlorine, or some chlorinating agent. Chlordane is manufactured in a two -step reaction. In the first step, hexachlorocyclopentadiene reacts with cyclopentadiene in a Diels-Alder reaction. The reaction is exothermic and proceeds readily at a temperature up to about 100 °C. The intermediate is called “chlordane”. In the next step, chlorine is added to the unsubstituted double bond. Various chlorinated agents e.g. sulphuryl chloride, and catalysts, such as ferrochloride have been described to make addition dominant over substitution, but it is believed that only chlorine is used in actual practice (De Bruin, 1979). (c) Use 11. Chlordane, which was introduced on the market for the first time in 1945, is a broad-spectrum contact insecticide that had been employed on agricultural crops, on lawns and gardens.It has also extensively been used in the control of termites, cockroaches, ants and other household pests (Fiedler, 2000; UNEP, 2002a). In China, chlordane is still used as a termicide in buildings and dams. China has requested a specific exemption for the use as a termicide according to Art.4 and Annex A of the Stockholm Convention (UNEP, 2002b). 12. In 1988, the commercial use of chlordane was cancelled in the United States. Between 1983 and 1988 the sole/core use for chlordane was to control subterranean termites. For this purpose, chlordane was applied primarily as a liquid that was poured or injected around the foundation of a building. Chlordane, in conjunction with heptachlor, was at one time widely used as a pesticide for the control of insects on various types of agricultural crops and vegetation. The use pattern for chlordane in the mid 1970s was as follows: 35 % used by pest control operators, mostly on termites; 28 % on agricultural crops, including corn and citrus; 30 % for home lawn and garden use; and 7 % on turf and ornamentals. In 1978, a final cancellation notice was issued which called for the suspension of the use of chlordane except for subsurface injection to control termites and for dipping roots and tops of nonfood plants. Minor use of chlordane for treating nonfood plants