was cancelled by 1983. The use of chlordane decreased drastically in the 1970s when EPa cancelled all uses other than subterranean term ite control(ATSDR, 2002) 3. Dieldrin (a)Description 13. Dieldrin is a technical product containing 85 %of the chemical known as 1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 10-hexachlorc 6,7-epoxy-1, 4, 4a, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8a-octahydro-endo-1, 4-exo-5,8.dimethanonaphthalene(HEOD). Dieldrin is closely related to its meta bolic precursor aldrin. The pure major ingredient HEOD is a white crystalline solid with melting point of 176/177C. Technical dieldrin is a light tan flaky solid with a melting point of 150C. In water, it is practically insoluble and slightly so luble in alcohol. Pure HEOD is stable in alkali and diluted acids, but reacts with strong acids (ATSDR, 2002; IPCS, year; WHO-FAO, 1975). See annex I for examples of trade b)Production Dieldrin was manufactured by epoxidation of aldrin. The epoxidation of aldrin was obtained by reaction with a peracid(producing dieldrin and an acid byproduct)or with hydrogen peroxide and a tungstic oxide catalyst(producing dieldrin and water). Peracetic acid and perbenzoic acid were genera lly used as the peracid acid. When using a peracid, the epoxidation reaction was performed noncatalytically or with an acid catalyst, such as sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid. When using hydrogen peroxide, tungsten trioxide was genera lly used as the catalyst(ATSDR, 2002; UNEP, 2003d) (c) Use(see also Aldrin) 5. Dieldrin was ma inly used for the control of soil insects such as com rootworms, wireworms and catworms(UNEP, 2002a). Besides, dieldrin was and is still used in public health protection to control several insect vectors(ATSDR, 2002; Fiedler, 2000).In India, its manufacture and import are banned, but marketing and restricted use(locust control) is perm itted fora period of 2 years of the date of expiry, which date is earlier. Restricted use of dieldrin is reported from Bangladesh, Myanmarand Nepal(UNEP, 2002c) 4. Endrin (a) Description Endrin, when pure, is a white crystalline solid and has a melting point of200C. It is decomposed at temperatures above 245C (Boiling point). The technical product is a light tan powder with a characteristic odour. It is practically insoluble in water and slightly soluble in alcohol. It is stable in alkali and acids, but it rearranges to less insecticidally active substances in the presence of strong acids, on the exposure to sunlight or on heating above 200C (ATSDR, 1996; IPCS, year, WHO-FAO, 1975) b) Production Endrin is a stereoisomer of dieldrin produced by the reaction of vinyl chloride and hexachlorocyclopentadiene to yield a product, which is then dehydrochlorinated and condensed with cyclopentadiene to produce isodrin. This intermediate is then epoxidized with pera cetic or perbenzoic acid to yield endrin. An alternative production method involves condensation of hexachlorocyclopentad iene with acetylene to yield the intermediate for condensation with cyclopentadiene(ATSDR, 2002; UNEP, 2003d) 18. It is estimated that 2, 345,000 kgofendrin were sold in the United States in 1962, while less than 450,000 kg were produced in 1971. More recent estimates of domestic production of endrin could not be found. As with many toxic chemicals, information on production or use of pesticides is often proprietary, and quantitative estimates of production of endrin are virtually impossible to obtain. No information on the production of endrin was available from the Toxic Release Inventory (TrD), because endrin is not one of the products, but occurred as impurities ofendrin or as degradation products. While commercial preparations chemicals that producers are required to report on. Endrin aldehyde and endrin ketone never were commercia solid endrin were typically 95-98% pure, the following chemicals(in addition to endrin aldehyde and endrin ketone)have been found as trace impurities in commercialendrin products: aldrin, dieldrin, isodrin heptachloronorbornadiene, and heptachloronorborene(HSDB, 1995). The active ingredient would often be mixed with one or more organic solvents for application in a liquid form. Carriers included xy lene, hexane, and cyclohexane(ATSDR, 2002; UNEP, 2003d). See annex I for examples of trade names Beginning in 1951, endrin was first used as an insecticide, rodenticide, and avicide to control cutworms, mice, voles, grasshoppers, borers, and other pests on cotton, sugarcane, tobacco, apple orchards and grain. It was also used as an insecticide agent on bird perches, but has never been extensively used for April2005 7[Document Number] April 2005 7 was cancelled by 1983. The use of chlordane decreased drastically in the 1970s when EPA cancelled all uses other than subterranean termite control (ATSDR, 2002). 3. Dieldrin (a) Description 13. Dieldrin is a technical product containing 85 % of the chemical known as 1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro- 6,7-epoxy-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a -octahydro- endo-1,4- exo-5,8,-dimethanonaphthalene (HEOD). Dieldrin is closely related to its metabolic precursor aldrin. The pure major ingredient HEOD is a white crystalline solid with a melting point of 176/177 °C. Technical dieldrin is a light tan flaky solid with a melting point of 150 °C. In water, it is practically insoluble and slightly soluble in alcohol. Pure HEOD is stable in alkali and diluted acids, but reacts with strong acids (ATSDR, 2002; IPCS, year; WHO-FAO, 1975). See annex I for examples of trade names. (b) Production 14. Dieldrin was manufactured by epoxidation of aldrin. The epoxidation of aldrin was obtained by reaction with a peracid (producing dieldrin and an acid byproduct) or with hydrogen peroxide and a tungstic oxide catalyst (producing dieldrin and wa ter). Peracetic acid and perbenzoic acid were generally used as the peracid acid. When using a peracid, the epoxidation reaction was performed noncatalytically or with an acid catalyst, such as sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid. When using hydrogen peroxide, tungsten trioxide was generally used as the catalyst (ATSDR, 2002; UNEP, 2003d). (c) Use (see also Aldrin) 15. Dieldrin was mainly used for the control of soil insects such as corn rootworms, wireworms and catworms (UNEP, 2002a). Besides, dieldrin was and is still used in public health protection to control several insect vectors (ATSDR, 2002; Fiedler, 2000).In India, its manufacture and import are banned, but marketing and restricted use (locust control) is permitted for a period of 2 years of the date of expiry , which date is earlier. Restricted use of dieldrin is reported from Bangladesh, Myanmar and Nepal (UNEP, 2002c). 4. Endrin (a) Description 16. Endrin, when pure, is a white crystalline solid and has a melting point of 200 °C. It is decomposed at temperatures above 245 °C (Boiling point). The technical product is a light tan powder with a characteristic odour. It is practically insoluble in water and slightly soluble in alcohol. It is stable in alkali and acids, but it rearranges to less insecticidally active substances in the presence of strong acids, on the exposure to sunlight or on heating above 200 °C (ATSDR, 1996; IPCS, year; WHO-FAO, 1975). (b) Production 17. Endrin is a stereoisomer of dieldrin produced by the reaction of vinyl chloride and hexachlorocyclopentadiene to yield a product, which is then dehydrochlorinated and condensed with cyclopentadiene to produce isodrin. This intermediate is then epoxidized with peracetic or perbenzoic acid to yield endrin. An alternative production method involves condensation of h exachlorocyclopentadiene with acetylene to yield the intermediate for condensation with cyclopentadiene (ATSDR, 2002; UNEP, 2003d). 18. It is estimated that 2,345,000 kg of endrin were sold in the United States in 1962, while less than 450,000 kg were produced in 1971. More recent estimates of domestic production of endrin could not be found. As with many toxic chemicals, information on production or use of pesticides is often proprietary, and quantitative estimates of production of endrin are virtually impossible to obtain. No information on the production of endrin was available from the Toxic Release Inventory (TRI), because endrin is not one of the chemicals that producers are required to report on. Endrin aldehyde and endrin ketone never were commercial products, but occurred as impurities of endrin or as degradation products. While commercial preparations of solid endrin were typically 95-98 % pure, the following chemicals (in addition to endrin aldehyde and endrin ketone) have been found as trace impurities in commercial endrin products: aldrin, dieldrin, isodrin, heptachloronorbornadiene, and heptachloronorborene (HSDB, 1995). The active ingredient would often be mixed with one or more organic solvents for application in a liquid form. Carriers included xy lene, hexane, and cyclohexane (ATSDR, 2002; UNEP, 2003d). See annex I for examples of trade names. (c) Use 19. Beginning in 1951, endrin was first used as an insecticide, rodenticide, and avicide to control cutworms, mice, voles, grasshoppers, borers, and other pests on cotton, sugarcane, tobacco, apple orchards, and grain. It was also used as an insecticide agent on bird perches, but has never been extensively used for