termite-proofing or other applications in urban areas, even if it has many chemicalsimilarities with aldrin dieldrin. Endrin's toxicity to nontarget populations of raptors and migratory birds was a major reason for cancellation asa pesticide agent. Except for use as a toxicant on bird perches, which was cancelled n 1991 the manufacturer voluntarily canceled all other uses of endrin in the United States in 1986. It has been estimated that 6, 250 kg of endrin were used annually in the United States prior to 1983. Both the EPA and FDA revoked all food tolerances for endrin in 1993(ATSDR 2002, Fiedler 2000) 5 HCB (a)Description 20. Hexachlorobenzene(HCB)consists of a colourless white powder or needles with a melting range of 229 to 326C Products in technical or agricultural grade contain% HCB and up to 2% impurities(1.8% pentachlorobenzene and 0. 2 %1, 2, 4, 5-tetrachlorobenzene including higher chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and bipheny ls ). Its melting point is over 200C. HCB is practically insoluble in water, slightly soluble in cold alcohol. It is stable in strong acids and its decomposition in a lka lis continues very slowly (ATSDR, 2002; IPCS, year, WHO-FAO, 1977, Holoubek et al, 2004). See annex I for examples of trade b)Production The compound can be produced commercially by reacting benzene with excess chlorine in the presence of ferric chloride at 150-200C Hexachlorobenzene is currently produced asa by-product or impurity in the production process of several pesticides, including pentachloronitrobenzene(PCNB), tetrachloroisophthalonitrile(chlorothalonil), 4-amino-3, 5, 6-trichloropicolinic acid(picloram ) pentachlorophenol(PCP)(only in Europe)and dimethy ltetrachloroterephthalate DCPA or Dacthal)and was also produced as a by-product during the production of atrazine, propazine, simazine, and mirex(De Bruin 1979;, ATSDR,2002) (e)Use Hexachlorobenzene (HCB)was used world-wide as a fungicide for agricultural purposes from 1915 on. HCB was widely used as a pesticide, mainly as a seed dressing to prevent fungal disease on gra in and field crops such as wheat and rye. Its use in industry is not described here(Holoubek, 2004 ). HCB has been extensively applied in the Russian Federation and is therefore a pesticide of serious environmental concern in that area. (ATSDR, 2002; Fiedler, 2000; UNEP, 2002b) 6 Heptachlor (a)Description Pure heptachlor is a white crystalline solid with a melting point of 95/96C. Technical heptachlor is a soft waxy solid with a melting range between 46 and 74C. It is practically insoluble in water and slightly soluble in alcohol. It is stable up to temperatures between 150 and 160C as well as towards light, air moisture, alkalies and acids. It is not readily dechlorinated, but is susceptible to epoxidation (ATSDR 1993 IPCS, no year, WHO-FAO, 1975). See annex I for examples of trade names (b) Production HeptachlorwasfirstregisteredforuseasaninsecticideintheUnitedStatesin1952.commercial production began in 1953. Heptachlor is commercially produced by free-radical chlorination of chlordene in benzene containing 0.5%to 5.0%of fuller's earth. The production process is run for up to 8 hours, since the reaction rate is very low. The chlordene starting material is prepared by the Diels-Alder condensation of hexachlorocyclopentadiene with cyclopentadiene Technical-grade heptachlor usually consists of 72% heptachlor and 28% impurities such as trans-chlordane, cis-chlordane, and nonachlor (De Bruin, 1979 ATSDR, 1993) (c)Use 25 Heptachlor is a persistent dermal insecticide with some fumigant action. It is nonphytotoxic at insecticidal concentrations. Heptachlor was used extensively from 1953 to 1974 as a soil and seed treatment to protect com, small grains, and sorghum from pests. It was used to control ants, cutworms, maggots, termites, thrips, weevils, and wireworms in both cultivated and uncultivated soils. Heptachlor was also used a white to brown naturally occurring earthy substance, that has a substantial ability urities orcolouring bodies from fats, oils. Its name originated with the textile industry, in which textile workers(or fullers)cleaned raw wool by kneading it in a mixture of water an earth that adsorbed oil, dirt, and other contaminants from the April 2005 8[Document Number] April 2005 8 termite-proofing or other applications in urban areas, even if it has many chemical similarities with aldrin and dieldrin.. Endrin’s toxicity to nontarget populations of raptors and migratory birds was a major reason for its cancellation as a pesticide agent. Except for use as a toxicant on bird perches, which was cancelled in 1991, the manufacturer voluntarily canceled all other uses of endrin in the United States in 1986. It has been estimated that 6,250 kg of endrin were used annually in the United States prior to 1983. Both the EPA and FDA revoked all food tolerances for endrin in 1993 (ATSDR 2002, Fiedler 2000). 5 HCB (a) Description 20. Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) consists of a colourless white powder or needles with a melting range of 229 to 326 °C. Products in technical or agricultural grade contain 98 % HCB and up to 2 % impurities (1.8 % pentachlorobenzene and 0.2 % 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene including higher chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and biphenyls). Its melting point is over 200 °C. HCB is practically insoluble in water, slightly soluble in cold alcohol. It is stable in strong acids and its decomposition in alkalis continues very slowly (ATSDR, 2002; IPCS, year; WHO-FAO, 1977; Holoubek et al, 2004). See annex I for examples of trade names. (b) Production 21. The compound can be produced commercially by reacting benzene with excess chlorine in t he presence of ferric chloride at 150–200 °C. Hexachlorobenzene is currently produced as a by-product or impurity in the production process of several pesticides, including pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB), tetrachloroisophthalonitrile (chlorothalonil), 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram), pentachlorophenol (PCP) (only in Europe) and dimethyltetrachloroterephthalate (DCPA or Dacthal®) and was also produced as a by-product during the production of atrazine, propazine, simazine, and mirex (De Bruin , 1979; ATSDR, 2002). (c) Use 22. Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was used world-wide as a fungicide for agricultural purposes from 1915 on. HCB was widely used as a pesticide, mainly as a seed dressing to prevent fungal disease on grain and field crops such as wheat and rye. Its use in industry is not described here (Holoubek, 2004). HCB has been extensively applied in the Russian Federation and is therefore a pesticide of serious environmental concern in that area. (ATSDR, 2002; Fiedler, 2000; UNEP, 2002b). 6 Heptachlor (a) Description 23. Pure heptachlor is a white crystalline solid with a melting point of 95/96 °C. Technical heptachlor is a soft waxy solid with a melting range between 46 and 74 °C. It is practically insoluble in water and slightly soluble in alcohol. It is stable up to temperatures between 150 and 160 °C as well as towards light, air moisture, alkalies and acids. It is not readily dechlorinated, but is susceptible to epoxidation (ATSDR 1993; IPCS, no year; WHO-FAO, 1975). See annex I for examples of trade names. (b) Production 24. Heptachlor was first registered for use as an insecticide in the United States in 1952. Commercial production began in 1953. Heptachlor is commercially produced by free-radical chlorination of chlordene in benzene containing 0.5 % to 5.0 % of fuller’s earth1 . The production process is run for up to 8 hours, since the reaction rate is very low. The chlordene starting material is prepared by the Diels-Alder condensation of hexachlorocyclopentadiene with cyclopentadiene. Technical-grade heptachlor usually consists of 72 % heptachlor and 28 % impurities such as trans-chlordane, cis-chlordane, and nonachlor (De Bruin, 1979; ATSDR, 1993). (c) Use 25. Heptachlor is a persistent dermal insecticide with some fumigant action. It is nonphytotoxic at insecticidal concentrations. Heptachlor was used extensively from 1953 to 1974 as a soil and seed treatment to protect corn, small grains, and sorghum from pests. It was used to control ants, cutworms, maggots, termites, thrips, weevils, and wireworms in both cultivated and uncultivated soils. Heptachlor was also used 1A white to brown naturally occurring earthy substance, that has a substantial ability to adsorb impurities or colouring bodies from fats, grease, or oils. Its name originated with the textile industry, in which textile workers (or fullers) cleaned raw wool by kneading it in a mixture of water and fine earth that adsorbed oil, dirt, and other contaminants from the…