wTO术语英文解释 April 1994 GATT-General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade,binding, bound-see"tariff binding which has been superseded as an international electronic commerce- The production, GATT 1947-The old(pre-1994)version of the free-rider -A casual term used to infer that a GATT country which does not make any trade concessions GATT1994-The new version of the general Agreement, incorporated into the WTO, which concessions made by other countries in governs trade in good negotiations under the most-favoured-nation Members-WTO governments(first letter capitalized, in WTO style) Harmonized System-An international MFN-Most-favoured- nation treatment(GA nomenclature developed by the world Customs Article I, GATS Article II and TRIPS Article 4), the Organization, which is arranged in six digit codes principle of not discriminating between ones allowing all participating countries to classify trading partners. national treatment-The principle traded goods on a common basis. Beyond the six of giving others the same treatment as ones owr digit level, countries are free to introduce national nationals distinctions for tariffs and many other purposes GATT Article Ill requires that imports be treated no ITA-Information Technology Agreement, or less favourably than the same or similar formally the Ministerial-Declaration on Trade in domestically-produced goods once they have Information Technology Products, under which passed customs GATS Article XVII and TRIPS participants will remove tariffs on IT products by Article 3 also deal with national treatment for the year 2000 ervices and intellectual property protection. II-Negotiations aimed at expanding ITAs TPRB, TPRM--The Trade Policy Review Body is product coverage. General Council operating under special procedures nuisance tariff -Tariff so low that it costs the for meetings to review trade policies and practices government more to collect it than the revenue it of individual wto members under the trade schedule of concessions - List of bound tariff Policy Review Mechanism rates transparency-Degree to which trade policies and tariff binding-Commitment not to increase a rate practices, and the process by which they are of duty beyond an agreed level. Once a rate of duty established, are open and predictable is bound, it may not be raised without launched at Punta del Este, Uruguay in September 1986 and concluded in Geneva in December 1993 semi-processed products than on raw materials, and Signed by Ministers in Marrakesh, Morocco, in higher still on finished products. This practice39 WTO 术语英文解释 General GATT — General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, which has been superseded as an international organization by the WTO. An updated General Agreement is now one of the WTO’s agreements. GATT 1947 — The old (pre-1994) version of the GATT. GATT 1994 — The new version of the General Agreement, incorporated into the WTO, which governs trade in goods. Members — WTO governments (first letter capitalized, in WTO style). MFN — Most-favoured-nation treatment (GATT Article I, GATS Article II and TRIPS Article 4), the principle of not discriminating between one’s trading partners.national treatment —The principle of giving others the same treatment as one’s own nationals. GATT Article III requires that imports be treated no less favourably than the same or similar domestically-produced goods once they have passed customs. GATS Article XVII and TRIPS Article 3 also deal with national treatment for services and intellectual property protection. TPRB, TPRM —The Trade Policy Review Body is General Council operating under special procedures for meetings to review trade policies and practices of individual WTO members under the Trade Policy Review Mechanism. transparency — Degree to which trade policies and practices, and the process by which they are established, are open and predictable. Uruguay Round — Multilateral trade negotiations launched at Punta del Este, Uruguay in September 1986 and concluded in Geneva in December 1993. Signed by Ministers in Marrakesh, Morocco, in April 1994. Tariffs binding, bound — see “tariff binding” electronic commerce — The production, advertising, sale and distribution of products via telecommunications networks. free-rider — A casual term used to infer that a country which does not make any trade concessions, profits, nonetheless, from tariff cuts and concessions made by other countries in negotiations under the most-favoured-nation principle. Harmonized System —An international nomenclature developed by the World Customs Organization, which is arranged in six digit codes allowing all participating countries to classify traded goods on a common basis. Beyond the six digit level, countries are free to introduce national distinctions for tariffs and many other purposes. ITA — Information Technology Agreement, or formally the Ministerial-Declaration on Trade in Information Technology Products, under which participants will remove tariffs on IT products by the year 2000. ITA II — Negotiations aimed at expanding ITA’s product coverage. nuisance tariff — Tariff so low that it costs the government more to collect it than the revenue it generates. schedule of concessions — List of bound tariff rates. tariff binding — Commitment not to increase a rate of duty beyond an agreed level. Once a rate of duty is bound, it may not be raised without compensating the affected parties. tariff escalation — Higher import duties on semi-processed products than on raw materials, and higher still on finished products. This practice