General Review 国上清充大半 SHANCBHAI JUAO TONO UNTVEEETTY Bulk metal working ●Bulk metal working: major microstructural changes occur >a influence on the subsequent processing steps large tonnage of material by bulk metal working The objective:manufacture components with controlled microstructure and properties,without macro or microstructural defects. Trial and error techniques expensive,time consuming,and may not always lead to a successful solution or optimization. In recent years,the trial and error techniques are replaced by modeling techniques. Institute of Forming Technology Equipment 6General Review Institute of Forming Technology & Equipment Bulk metal working 6  Bulk metal working:  major microstructural changes occur  a influence on the subsequent processing steps  large tonnage of material by bulk metal working  The objective: manufacture components with controlled microstructure and properties, without macro or microstructural defects.  Trial and error techniques : expensive, time consuming, and may not always lead to a successful solution or optimization.  In recent years, the trial and error techniques are replaced by modeling techniques