I1 depend on信赖,相信 同义词组: rely on, have confidence in e.g: We're depend ing on you to finish the job by Friday The price of the shares will depend on the number of people who want to buy 多次 e.g: On many occasions the boy didnt finish his homework n occasion有时 e.g: I'm late for work on occasion . Detailed Study of the Text 1. These do not change accord ing to circumstances Instinctive behaviours do not change even if circumstances change 2. Behaviour which is learned, on the other hand, does vary and can adapt to However, learned behaviour opposite to instinctive behaviour chang according to circumstances and is able to cchange itself to suit different conditi 而另一方面,凡是学习来的行为,却会发生变化,而且能适应不同的条件 3. All animals can learn, but learning is easier for some species than for others ll animals have learning abil ity, but some kinds of animals can learn more quickly and more easily than other kinds of animals 所有的动物都能够学习,但是对于不同种类的动物,学习却有难易之分 4. salivating occurred when the dogs heard the bell when the dogs heard the bell they began to salivate 5. This was because cond itioning had taken place.这是因为条件控制发生了作用 take place: happen发生。 conditioning: cond itioned reflex条件反射作用。 此句相当于: The reason why this reaction happened is the result of conditioning.这是因为条件控制发生了作用。 6. Learning through cond itioned reflexes is not the only kind of learning the animals are capable of. Cond itioned reflex is not the only way through which the animals are able to learn 通过条件反射来学习,并不是动物所能进行的唯一一种学习方式。 7.. those which are brought up in a very"limited"(boring )environments find it more d ifficult to learn things later than those which are brought up in"stimulating environment with more things to do the rats that are reared in monotonous surrounding find it less easy to learm things in time to come than the ones that are bred in various circumstances in which they can do many more kinds of things 在非常“有限的”(单调的)环境里养大的老鼠,与在较多事情可做(例如爬梯 子、穿洞穴等等)的“刺激性”环境里养大的老鼠相比,它们后来学习就困难 得多。 8. Captivity cages minds as well as bodies11. depend on 信赖，相信 同义词组: rely on, have confidence in e.g: We’re depending on you to finish the job by Friday. The price of the shares will depend on the number of people who want to buy them. 12. on many occasions 多次 e.g: On many occasions the boy didn’t finish his homework. on occasion 有时 e.g: I’m late for work on occasion. III.Detailed Study of the Text 1. These do not change according to circumstances. __ Instinctive behaviours do not change even if circumstances change. 2. Behaviour which is learned, on the other hand, does vary and can adapt to different conditions. __ However, learned behaviour ( opposite to instinctive behaviour ) changes according to circumstances and is able to cchange itself to suit different conditions. 而另一方面，凡是学习来的行为，却会发生变化，而且能适应不同的条件。 3．All animals can learn，but learning is easier for some species than for others. __ All animals have learning ability , but some kinds of animals can learn more quickly and more easily than other kinds of animals. 所有的动物都能够学习，但是对于不同种类的动物，学习却有难易之分。 4.. salivating occurred when the dogs heard the bell… __… when the dogs heard the bell they began to salivate… 5．This was because conditioning had taken place． 这是因为条件控制发生了作用。 take place：happen 发生。 conditioning：conditioned reflex 条件反射作用。 此句相当于： The reason why this reaction happened is the result of conditioning．这是因为条件控制发生了作用。 6.Learning through conditioned reflexes is not the only kind of learning the animals are capable of. __ Conditioned reflex is not the only way through which the animals are able to learn. 通过条件反射来学习，并不是动物所能进行的唯—一种学习方式。 7.…those which are brought up in a very“limited”（boring）environments find it more difficult to learn things later than those which are brought up in“stimulating” environment with more things to do． __ …the rats that are reared in monotonous surrounding find it less easy to learn things in time to come than the ones that are bred in various circumstances in which they can do many more kinds of things. 在非常“有限的”（单调的）环境里养大的老鼠，与在较多事情可做（例如爬梯 子、穿洞穴等等）的“刺激性”环境里养大的老鼠相比，它们后来学习就困难 得多。 8. Captivity cages minds as well as bodies