Federal Radionavigation Plan, DOT-VNTSC-RSPA-90-3/DOD4650.4, Departments of Transportation and Defense, 1990. M.J. Morgan ted modular avionics for next generation commercial airplanes, IEEE/AES Systems Magazine, pp. 9-12, August 1991 C.R. Spitzer, Digital Avionics Systems, 2nd ed, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1992. Further Information K. Feher, Digital Communications, Englewood Cliffs, N J. Prentice Hall, 1981 J.L. Farrell, Integrated Aircraft Navigation, New York: Academic Press, 1976. L.E. Tannas, Jr, Flat Panel Displays and CRTS, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1985. M. Kayton and w.R. Fried, Avionics Navigation Systems, New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1969. 102.2 Communications Satellite Systems: Applications Abdul hamid Rana and william Check The history of satellites began in 1957 when the Soviet Union launched Sputnik I, the worlds first satellite. In the 1960s the commercial sector became actively involved in satellite communications with the launch of Telstar I by the bell System followed by the use of a geosynchronous orbit. with this type of an orbit, an object 22, 753 miles above the earth will orbit the earth once every 24 hours above the equator, and from the earths surface appear to be stationary. The first geostationary orbit was achieved by NASA using a SYNCOM in 1963. The Communications Satellite Act was signed by the United States Congress in 1962 and created the Communica tions Satellite Corporation(COMSAT). This was followed by the formation of INTELSAT, an organization that is composed of over 120 countries and provides global satellite communication services. In the 1970s, multip companies in the private sector in the United States began to operate their own domestic satellite systems Today there are numerous companies providing this service in the United States: e.g., GE Americom, Hughes, Loral, COMSAT, and American Mobile Satellite Corporation. Other nations such as Canada, Australia, Indo- nesia,Japan, etc. have their own satellite systems. Several international and regional satellite systems have also een formed. Examples of these are INTELSAT, EUTELSAT, Intersputnik, ARABSAT, AsiaSat, etc. [Pritchard and Sciulli, 1986 The satellite-based communications systems have significantly evolved over a three-decade period. In the 960s, satellite communications for commercial use became a viable alternative because of the demand for reliable communications(telephony and voice). In the 1970s, technical innovations made larger, more powerful and more versatile satellites possible. Advanced modulation and multiple-access schemes resulted in smaller, less expensive earth stations and better service offerings that were lower cost and higher quality. In the 1980s very small aperture terminals(VSATs) emerged and the Ku-band frequency spectrum became widely used In the 1990s satellites support data, voice, and video communications applications. The VSAT industry has given an overall boost to the entire satellite communication indust As new satellites are launched, they will have long-term applications which have expanded opportunities. These include private long-haul networks for internal communications, cable TV, pay TV, business voice and data, satellite news gathering, direct broadcast to the home, integrated VSATs, private international satellite service, high-definition TV, mobile service, personal communications, and ISDN. Disaster recovery planning reasingly includes satellites in order to overcome the coverage limitations of existing terrestrial networks. with the allocation of frequencies for personal communications, the promise of global communications and the reality of a personal phone will soon push satellite communications to a new age This section describes satellite communications from the application point-of-view. Since VSATs initiated the growth in satellite communication, a significant portion of the section is devoted to this topic. After a review of the satellites'launch and their characteristics, VSAT networks are discussed in detail. Video/audio applications are described next, along with the equipment necessary for these applications. The section is concluded with a summary of next-generation trends e 2000 by CRC Press LLC© 2000 by CRC Press LLC Federal Radionavigation Plan, DOT-VNTSC-RSPA-90-3/DOD4650.4, Departments of Transportation and Defense, 1990. M.J. Morgan, “Integrated modular avionics for next generation commercial airplanes,” IEEE/AES Systems Magazine, pp. 9–12, August 1991. C.R. Spitzer, Digital Avionics Systems, 2nd ed., New York: McGraw-Hill, 1992. Further Information K. Feher, Digital Communications, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1981. J.L. Farrell, Integrated Aircraft Navigation, New York: Academic Press, 1976. L.E. Tannas, Jr., Flat Panel Displays and CRTs, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1985. M. Kayton and W.R. Fried, Avionics Navigation Systems, New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1969. 102.2 Communications Satellite Systems: Applications Abdul Hamid Rana and William Check The history of satellites began in 1957 when the Soviet Union launched Sputnik I, the world’s first satellite. In the 1960s the commercial sector became actively involved in satellite communications with the launch of Telstar I by the Bell System followed by the use of a geosynchronous orbit. With this type of an orbit, an object 22,753 miles above the earth will orbit the earth once every 24 hours above the equator, and from the earth’s surface appear to be stationary. The first geostationary orbit was achieved by NASA using a SYNCOM in 1963. The Communications Satellite Act was signed by the United States Congress in 1962 and created the Communica￾tions Satellite Corporation (COMSAT). This was followed by the formation of INTELSAT, an organization that is composed of over 120 countries and provides global satellite communication services. In the 1970s, multiple companies in the private sector in the United States began to operate their own domestic satellite systems. Today there are numerous companies providing this service in the United States: e.g., GE Americom, Hughes, Loral, COMSAT, and American Mobile Satellite Corporation. Other nations such as Canada, Australia, Indo￾nesia, Japan, etc. have their own satellite systems. Several international and regional satellite systems have also been formed. Examples of these are INTELSAT, EUTELSAT, Intersputnik, ARABSAT, AsiaSat, etc. [Pritchard and Sciulli, 1986]. The satellite-based communications systems have significantly evolved over a three-decade period. In the 1960s, satellite communications for commercial use became a viable alternative because of the demand for reliable communications (telephony and voice). In the 1970s, technical innovations made larger, more powerful and more versatile satellites possible. Advanced modulation and multiple-access schemes resulted in smaller, less expensive earth stations and better service offerings that were lower cost and higher quality. In the 1980s very small aperture terminals (VSATs) emerged and the Ku-band frequency spectrum became widely used. In the 1990’s satellites support data, voice, and video communications applications. The VSAT industry has given an overall boost to the entire satellite communication industry. As new satellites are launched, they will have long-term applications which have expanded opportunities. These include private long-haul networks for internal communications, cable TV, pay TV, business voice and data, satellite news gathering, direct broadcast to the home, integrated VSATs, private international satellite service, high-definition TV, mobile service, personal communications, and ISDN. Disaster recovery planning increasingly includes satellites in order to overcome the coverage limitations of existing terrestrial networks. With the allocation of frequencies for personal communications, the promise of global communications and the reality of a personal phone will soon push satellite communications to a new age. This section describes satellite communications from the application point-of-view. Since VSATs initiated the growth in satellite communication, a significant portion of the section is devoted to this topic.After a review of the satellites’ launch and their characteristics,VSAT networks are discussed in detail.Video/audio applications are described next, along with the equipment necessary for these applications. The section is concluded with a summary of next-generation trends