system, when completely operational, will also operate near 1.6 GHz. Additional services available to the passengers are the ability to send facsimiles(FAXes)and to view virtually real-time in-flight position reporting via connection of the video system with the flight system. Private displays at each seat will allow personal viewing of various forms of entertainment including movies, games, casual reading, news programming, etc. Avionics standards Standards play an important role in avionics. Military avionics are controlled by the various standards(mil TDs, DOD-STDs, etc. )for packaging, environmental performance, operating characteristics, electrical and data interfaces, and other design-related parameters. General aviation avionics are governed by fewer and less ringent standards. Technical Standard Orders(TSOs)released by the Federal Aviation Administration(FAA) re used as guidelines to ensure airworthiness of the avionics. TSOs are derived from and, in most cases, reference RTCA documents characterized as Minimum Operational Performance Standards and Minimum Avionics System Performance Standards. EUROCAE is the European counterpart of RTCA The commercial air transport industry adheres to multiple standards at various levels. The International Civil Aviation Organization(ICAO)is commissioned by the United Nations to govern aviation systems includ- ing but not limited to Data Communications Systems, On-Board Recorders, Instrument Landing Systems, Microwave Landing Systems, VHF OmniRange Systems, and Distance Measuring Equipment. The ICAO Stan dards and Recommended Practices(SARPS)control system performance, availability requirements, frequency utilization,etc. at the international level. The SARPS in general maintain alignment between the national avionics standards such as those published by EUROCAE and RTCA. The commercial air transport industry also uses voluntary standards created by the Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee and published by Aeronautical Radio Inc. (ARINC). The ARINC"characteristics define form, fit, and function of airline avionics. Defining Terms ACARS: A digital communications link using the VHF spectrum for two-way transmission of data between an aircraft and ground. It is used primarily in civil aviation applications Brickwalling: Generally used in software design in critical applications to ensure that changes in one area oftware will not impact other areas of software or alter their desired function Distance measuring equipment: The combination of a receiver and a transponder for determining aircraft distance from a remote transmitter. The calculated distance is based on the time required for the return of an interrogating pulse set initiated by the aircraft tra Fault tolerance: The built-in capability of a system to provide continued correct execution in the presence of a limited number of hardware or software faults JTIDS: Joint Tactical Information Distribution System using spread spectrum techniques for secure digital communication. It is used for military applications. Validation: The process of evaluating a product at the end of the development process to ensure compliance with requirements Verification: (1)The process of determining whether the products of a given phase of the software developme cycle fulfill the requirements established during the previous phase.(2)Formal proof of program correct ness.(3)The act of reviewing, inspecting, testing, checking, auditing, or otherwise establishing and documenting whether items, processes, services, or documents conform to specified requirements(IEeE Related Topic 78.1 Introduction References Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee Archives, Aeronautical Radio Inc. FANS Manual, International Air Transport Association, Montreal, Version 1.1, May 1995 e 2000 by CRC Press LLC© 2000 by CRC Press LLC system, when completely operational, will also operate near 1.6 GHz. Additional services available to the passengers are the ability to send facsimiles (FAXes) and to view virtually real-time in-flight position reporting via connection of the video system with the flight system. Private displays at each seat will allow personal viewing of various forms of entertainment including movies, games, casual reading, news programming, etc. Avionics Standards Standards play an important role in avionics. Military avionics are controlled by the various standards (MIL￾STDs, DOD-STDs, etc.) for packaging, environmental performance, operating characteristics, electrical and data interfaces, and other design-related parameters. General aviation avionics are governed by fewer and less stringent standards. Technical Standard Orders (TSOs) released by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) are used as guidelines to ensure airworthiness of the avionics. TSOs are derived from and, in most cases, reference RTCA documents characterized as Minimum Operational Performance Standards and Minimum Avionics System Performance Standards. EUROCAE is the European counterpart of RTCA. The commercial air transport industry adheres to multiple standards at various levels. The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) is commissioned by the United Nations to govern aviation systems includ￾ing but not limited to Data Communications Systems, On-Board Recorders, Instrument Landing Systems, Microwave Landing Systems, VHF OmniRange Systems, and Distance Measuring Equipment. The ICAO Stan￾dards and Recommended Practices (SARPS) control system performance, availability requirements, frequency utilization, etc. at the international level. The SARPS in general maintain alignment between the national avionics standards such as those published by EUROCAE and RTCA. The commercial air transport industry also uses voluntary standards created by the Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee and published by Aeronautical Radio Inc. (ARINC). The ARINC “characteristics” define form, fit, and function of airline avionics. Defining Terms ACARS: A digital communications link using the VHF spectrum for two-way transmission of data between an aircraft and ground. It is used primarily in civil aviation applications. Brickwalling: Generally used in software design in critical applications to ensure that changes in one area of software will not impact other areas of software or alter their desired function. Distance measuring equipment: The combination of a receiver and a transponder for determining aircraft distance from a remote transmitter. The calculated distance is based on the time required for the return of an interrogating pulse set initiated by the aircraft transponder. Fault tolerance: The built-in capability of a system to provide continued correct execution in the presence of a limited number of hardware or software faults. JTIDS: Joint Tactical Information Distribution System using spread spectrum techniques for secure digital communication. It is used for military applications. Validation: The process of evaluating a product at the end of the development process to ensure compliance with requirements. Verification: (1) The process of determining whether the products of a given phase of the software development cycle fulfill the requirements established during the previous phase. (2) Formal proof of program correct￾ness. (3) The act of reviewing, inspecting, testing, checking, auditing, or otherwise establishing and documenting whether items, processes, services, or documents conform to specified requirements (IEEE). Related Topic 78.1 Introduction References Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee Archives, Aeronautical Radio Inc. FANS Manual, International Air Transport Association, Montreal, Version 1.1, May 1995