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·1016 工程科学学报,第37卷,第8期 中与铸锭上表面距离大于50mm以及与侧壁距离小于 30(10):2161 6mm的质量分数均高于30%.由于等轴晶在底部的 2]Beckermann C,Viskanta R.Double-diffusive convection during 大量沉积,底部的NHCI含量明显高于其他区域.由 dendritic solidification of a binary mixture.Physicochem Hydro- dm,1988,10(2):195 于实验模型和计算假设与实际情况有微小的误差,所 B]Ni J,Beckermann C.A volume-averaged two-phase model for 以图11中模拟值与实验值也有较小误差:但从总体上 transport phenomena during solidification.Metall Trans B,1991, 看,模拟值与实验值趋势较统一,相对吻合,说明体积 22(3):349 平均方法在模拟铸锭宏观偏析和凝固行为方面有较好 4 Wang C Y,Beckermann C.Equiaxed dendritic solidification with 的可靠性 convection:Part I.Multiscale/multiphase modeling.Metall Mater TransA,1996,27(9):2754 4结论 [5]Wu M,Ludwig A.A Three-phase model for mixed columnar-equi- axed solidification.Metall Mater Trans A,2006,37(5):1613 (1)通过采用体积平均多相多尺度模型对透明类 [6]Wu M,Ludwig A.Using a three-phase deterministic model for the 合金NH,C1-70%H,0凝固过程进行数值模拟,进行实 columnar-o-quiaxed transition.Metall Mater Trans A,2007,38 验直观观察,说明该计算模型基本可靠 (7):1465 (2)通过计算可知,铸型侧壁和底部边界处基本 7]Wu M,Ludwig A.Modelling equiaxed solidification with melt 被柱状晶占据,等轴晶从型壁处逐渐向铸锭底部积聚, convection and grain sedimentation:I.Model description.Acta Mater,2009,57(19):5621 当底部等轴晶的体积分数达到一临界值后,柱状晶停 ⑧] Wu M,Ludwig A.Modelling equiaxed solidification with melt 止生长,完成柱状晶向等轴晶的转变过程.由于溶质 convection and grain sedimentation:II.Model verification.Acta 再分配,在底部等轴晶积聚的地方溶质含量低,形成了 Mater,2009,57(19):5632 底部负偏析区域 9]Wu M,Fjeld A,Ludwig A.Modelling mixed columnar-equiaxed (3)NH,C1-70%H,0凝固实验表明,对流和固液 solidification with melt convection and grain sedimentation:Part 相的运动是形成宏观偏析的主要因素,通过实验验证 I.Model deseription.Comput Mater Sci,2010,50(1):32 [10]Wu M,Fjeld A,Ludwig A.Modelling mixed columnar-equiaxed 分析,模拟结果与实验结果基本吻合 solidification with melt convection and grain sedimentation:Part (4)就该计算模型而言,考虑充型过程以及真实 II.Illustrative modelling results and parameter studies.Comput 枝晶形貌对流动和偏析的影响会是将来模型需要改进 Mater Sci,2010,50(1):43 的方向. 01] Sang B G,Kang X H,Li D Z.A novel technique for reducing macrosegregation in heavy steel ingots.Mater Process Technol, 参考文献 2010,210(4):703 [Bennon W D.Incropera F D.A continuum model for momentum, [12]Liu D R,Kang X H,Sang B G,et al.Numerical study of macro- heat and species transport in binary solid-iquid phase change sys- segregation formation of ingot cast in nommal sand mold and water- tems:Part I.Model formulation.Int Heat Mass Transfer,1987, cooled sand mold.Acta Metall Sin Engl Lett,2011,24(1):54工程科学学报,第 37 卷,第 8 期 中与铸锭上表面距离大于 50 mm 以及与侧壁距离小于 6 mm 的质量分数均高于 30% . 由于等轴晶在底部的 大量沉积,底部的 NH4 Cl 含量明显高于其他区域. 由 于实验模型和计算假设与实际情况有微小的误差,所 以图 11 中模拟值与实验值也有较小误差; 但从总体上 看,模拟值与实验值趋势较统一,相对吻合,说明体积 平均方法在模拟铸锭宏观偏析和凝固行为方面有较好 的可靠性. 4 结论 ( 1) 通过采用体积平均多相多尺度模型对透明类 合金 NH4Cl--70% H2O 凝固过程进行数值模拟,进行实 验直观观察,说明该计算模型基本可靠. ( 2) 通过计算可知,铸型侧壁和底部边界处基本 被柱状晶占据,等轴晶从型壁处逐渐向铸锭底部积聚, 当底部等轴晶的体积分数达到一临界值后,柱状晶停 止生长,完成柱状晶向等轴晶的转变过程. 由于溶质 再分配,在底部等轴晶积聚的地方溶质含量低,形成了 底部负偏析区域. ( 3) NH4Cl--70% H2O 凝固实验表明,对流和固液 相的运动是形成宏观偏析的主要因素,通过实验验证 分析,模拟结果与实验结果基本吻合. ( 4) 就该计算模型而言,考虑充型过程以及真实 枝晶形貌对流动和偏析的影响会是将来模型需要改进 的方向. 参 考 文 献 [1] Bennon W D,Incropera F D. A continuum model for momentum, heat and species transport in binary solid-liquid phase change sys￾tems: Part I. Model formulation. Int J Heat Mass Transfer,1987, 30( 10) : 2161 [2] Beckermann C,Viskanta R. Double-diffusive convection during dendritic solidification of a binary mixture. Physicochem Hydro￾dyn,1988,10( 2) : 195 [3] Ni J,Beckermann C. A volume-averaged two-phase model for transport phenomena during solidification. Metall Trans B,1991, 22( 3) : 349 [4] Wang C Y,Beckermann C. Equiaxed dendritic solidification with convection: Part I. Multiscale /multiphase modeling. Metall Mater Trans A,1996,27( 9) : 2754 [5] Wu M,Ludwig A. A Three-phase model for mixed columnar-equi￾axed solidification. Metall Mater Trans A,2006,37( 5) : 1613 [6] Wu M,Ludwig A. Using a three-phase deterministic model for the columnar-to-equiaxed transition. Metall Mater Trans A,2007,38 ( 7) : 1465 [7] Wu M,Ludwig A. Modelling equiaxed solidification with melt convection and grain sedimentation: Ⅰ. Model description. Acta Mater,2009,57( 19) : 5621 [8] Wu M,Ludwig A. Modelling equiaxed solidification with melt convection and grain sedimentation: Ⅱ. Model verification. Acta Mater,2009,57( 19) : 5632 [9] Wu M,Fjeld A,Ludwig A. Modelling mixed columnar-equiaxed solidification with melt convection and grain sedimentation: Part Ⅰ. Model description. Comput Mater Sci,2010,50( 1) : 32 [10] Wu M,Fjeld A,Ludwig A. Modelling mixed columnar-equiaxed solidification with melt convection and grain sedimentation: Part Ⅱ. Illustrative modelling results and parameter studies. Comput Mater Sci,2010,50( 1) : 43 [11] Sang B G,Kang X H,Li D Z. A novel technique for reducing macrosegregation in heavy steel ingots. J Mater Process Technol, 2010,210( 4) : 703 [12] Liu D R,Kang X H,Sang B G,et al. Numerical study of macro￾segregation formation of ingot cast in normal sand mold and water￾cooled sand mold. Acta Metall Sin Engl Lett,2011,24( 1) : 54 · 6101 ·
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