CHAPTER 5 MITOCHONDRIA AND CHLOROPLASTS 1. Please explain the following terms ATP synthase, mitochondrion, matrix, electron-transport chain, cytochrome, quinone, oxidative phosphorylation, chloroplast, stroma, photosynthesis, photosystem, reaction center light reaction carbon fixation 2. Which of the following statements are correct? Explain your answers A. Many but not all, electron-transfer reactions involve metal ions B The electron-transport chain generates an electrical potential across the mem brane because it moves electrons from the intermembrane space into the matrix. C. The electrochemical proton gradient consists of two components: a ph difference and an electrical potential D. Ubiquinone and cytochrome c are both diffusible electron carriers E. Plants have chloroplasts and therefore can live without mitochondria 3. Please describe the structure of mitochondria 4. Please describe the structure of chloroplasts 5. Please describel the structural differences between leaves of C3 plant and C4plant 6. Explain the working mechanism of ATP synthase CHAPTER 6 CYTOSKELETON 1. Define these key terms: actin filament, myosin, cell cortex, centriole dynein, kinesin intermediate filament nuclear lamina, sarcomere tubulin 2. Why do eukaryotic cells, especially animal cells have such large and complex cytoskeletons? 3. There are no known motor proteins that move on intermediate filaments why do you think that is the case? 4. Which of the following changes takes place when a skeletal muscle contracts Z discs move farther apart Actin filaments contract Myosin filament contract 5. Describe the functions of microtubule 6. Describe the structure of the sarcomere of a skeletal muscle myofibril and the changes that occur during muscle contraction CHAPTER 7 CELL COMMUNICATION AND SIGNALING 1.Please define the following terms: signal molecule, cell signaling, signal transduction, A kinase (PKA), C-kinase(PKC), G-protein, nitric oxide, phospholipase C, Ras, receptor tyrosine kinase signaling cascade 2. Describe the basic types of signal molecules and second messengers 3. Describe the role that the inositol-lipid signaling pathway plays in the activation of protein kinase c 4. What are the similarities and di fferences between the reactions that lead to the activation of g proteins and the reactions that lead to the activation of Ras? 5.(1)Compare and contrast signaling by neurons which secrete neurotransmitters at synapses te signaling carried out by endocrine cells, which secrete hormones into the bloodCHAPTER 5 MITOCHONDRIA AND CHLOROPLASTS 1. Please explain the following terms: ATP synthase, mitochondrion, matrix, electron-transport chain, cytochrome, quinone, oxidative phosphorylation, chloroplast, stroma, photosynthesis, photosystem, reaction center, light reaction, carbon fixation. 2. Which of the following statements are correct? Explain your answers. A. Many, but not all, electron-transfer reactions involve metal ions. B. The electron-transport chain generates an electrical potential across the membrane because it moves electrons from the intermembrane space into the matrix. C. The electrochemical proton gradient consists of two components: a pH difference and an electrical potential. D. Ubiquinone and cytochrome c are both diffusible electron carriers. E. Plants have chloroplasts and therefore can live without mitochondria. 3. Please describe the structure of mitochondria. 4. Please describe the structure of chloroplasts. 5. Please describel the structural differences between leaves of C3 plant and C4plant. 6. Explain the working mechanism of ATP synthase. CHAPTER 6 CYTOSKELETON 1.Define these key terms: actin filament, myosin, cell cortex, centriole, dynein, kinesin, intermediate filament, nuclear lamina, sarcomere, tubulin 2.Why do eukaryotic cells, especially animal cells have such large and complex cytoskeletons? 3.There are no known motor proteins that move on intermediate filaments, why do you think that is the case? 4.Which of the following changes takes place when a skeletal muscle contracts: Z discs move farther apart Actin filaments contract Myosin filament contract Sarcomeres become shorter 5.Describe the functions of microtubule. 6.Describe the structure of the sarcomere of a skeletal muscle myofibril and the changes that occur during muscle contraction. CHAPTER 7 CELL COMMUNICATION AND SIGNALING 1.Please define the following terms: signal molecule, cell signaling, signal transduction, A-kinase (PKA), C-kinase (PKC), G-protein, nitric oxide, phospholipase C, Ras, receptor tyrosine kinase, signaling cascade 2.Describe the basic types of signal molecules and second messengers. 3.Describe the role that the inositol-lipid signaling pathway plays in the activation of protein kinase C. 4.What are the similarities and differences between the reactions that lead to the activation of G proteins and the reactions that lead to the activation of Ras? 5.(1) Compare and contrast signaling by neurons which secrete neurotransmitters at synapses to signaling carried out by endocrine cells, which secrete hormones into the blood