vili Contents 2.5 Functional claims 2.6 Packaging 2.7 Labelling 2.8 Manufacture 2.9 References 3 US legislation and functional health claims 43 M.K. Schmidl and T.P. Labuza, University of minnesota 3.1 Introducti 43 .2 Definitions 3.3 Nutrient modification and specific nutrient claims 3.4 Disease-specific or disease-prevention(health) claims 3.5 The Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act 1997 3.6 Medical food 3. 7 The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act 1994 3.8 The controversy over labeling 3.9 Advertising and the Federal Trade Commission 3.11 Further reading 67666⑦7 3.12 References Part I Functional foods and health 4 Colonic functional foods R.A. Rastall (University of Reading, R. Fuller(Russett House, Reading, H.R. Gaskins(University of Illinois, Champaign, Urbana) nd G.R. Gibson(University of Reading 4.1 4.2 What are colonic functional food How are colonic foods metabolised? 4.4 Probiotics 75 4.5 Prebiotics 4.6 Synbiotics 4.7 Health aspects of functional colonic foods 4.8 Host-microbe interaction 4.9 Conclusion 4.10 Reference 5 Coronary heart diseas J.A. Lovegrove and K.G. Jackson, University of reading 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Coronary heart disease and risk factors 5.3 Relevant lipid particles 104 5.4 Diet and coronary heart disease: the evidence 5.5 Effects of probiotics on blood lipids: the evidence2.5 Functional claims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.6 Packaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 2.7 Labelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 2.8 Manufacture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 2.9 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 3 US legislation and functional health claims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 M.K. Schmidl and T.P. Labuza, University of Minnesota 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 3.2 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3.3 Nutrient modification and specific nutrient claims . . . . . . . . . . . 46 3.4 Disease-specific or disease-prevention (health) claims . . . . . . . 47 3.5 The Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act 1997 55 3.6 Medical foods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 3.7 The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act 1994 . . . 57 3.8 The controversy over labeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 3.9 Advertising and the Federal Trade Commission . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 3.10 Future trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 3.11 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 3.12 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Part II Functional foods and health 4 Colonic functional foods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 R.A. Rastall (University of Reading), R. Fuller (Russett House, Reading), H.R. Gaskins (University of Illinois, Champaign, Urbana) and G.R. Gibson (University of Reading) 4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 4.2 What are colonic functional foods? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 4.3 How are colonic foods metabolised? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 4.4 Probiotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 4.5 Prebiotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 4.6 Synbiotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 4.7 Health aspects of functional colonic foods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 4.8 Host–microbe interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 4.9 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 4.10 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 5 Coronary heart disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 J.A. Lovegrove and K.G. Jackson, University of Reading 5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 5.2 Coronary heart disease and risk factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 5.3 Relevant lipid particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 5.4 Diet and coronary heart disease: the evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 5.5 Effects of probiotics on blood lipids: the evidence . . . . . . . . . . 118 viii Contents